Chapter 19 Upper Limb Development

Question 0

FGF produced by the apical ectodermal ridge stimulate m_________, while Wnt7 directs limb o___________ along the d_________-v___________ axis.

Answer 0

Mitosis, organization dorsal-ventral

Question 1

Lateral plate mesoderm forms the s___________ and v___________ components of the developing limb bud, while mesoderm from the somites forms the m______________.

Answer 1

Skeletal, vasculature, musculature

Question 2

The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) produces S __ __ that directs anterior / posterior organization and activates the gene for B__ __ and Hox __ through __ genes. R__________ acid also plays a role in UE development.

Answer 2

Shh, BMP, 9 - 13, retanoic acid

Question 3

Digit formation results from selected a_____________. Name three molecular factors at work in digit formation in the AER.

Answer 3

Apoptosis

1. BMP
2. Msx-1
3. Retanoic acid receptors

Question 4

The proximal R subclavian is formed from the f________ a____________ arch.

Answer 4

Fourth aortic arch

Question 5

The s______________ i______________ aa forms the distal R subclavian aa an the l_____ s_____________ aa.

Answer 5

Seventh intersegmental, left subclavian

Question 6

The major aa in the limb bud at four weeks is the a_______ aa

Answer 6

Axis

Question 7

The post. interosseous aa and an artery called the median form before the r_________ and u_________ aa

Answer 7

Radial and ulnar

Question 8

The axis aa persists as these four aa.

Answer 8

Axillary, brachial, ant. interosseous and deep palmar arch.

Question 9

The upper limb bud lies opposite somites C___ - ___, T___ -____

Answer 9

C4-8

T1-2

Question 10

The ant. and post. condensation form during week _____.

Answer 10

Week 5

Question 11

During the condensation mesoderm becomes m_________ which fuse and become m___________

Answer 11

Myoblasts, multinucleated myotubules.

Question 12

The posterior condensation gives rise to e___________ and s__________ muscles.

Answer 12

Extensor, supination.

Question 13

Name the 19 muscles that arise from the posterior condensation.

Answer 13

1. Deltiod, 2. supraspinatus, 3. infraspinatus, 4&5. teres major and minor, 6. subscapularis, 7. triceps brachii, 8. anconeus, 9. brachioradialis, 10&11. ex. carpi radialis longus and brevis, 12. ex. digitorum, 13. ex. digiti minimi, 14. ex. carpi ulnaris, 15. supinator, 16. abdtr. pollicus, 17&18. ex. pollicus brevis and 19. longus, ex. indicis.

Question 14

The anterior condensation gives rise to muscles of p__________, and the f_________ muscles.

Answer 14

Pronation, flexor

Question 15

Name the 21 muscles to which the anterior condensation gives rise to.

Answer 15

1. Biceps brachii, 2. Brachialis, 3. Coracobrachialis, 4. Pronator teres, 5. F. Carpi radialis, 6. Palmaris longus, 7. F. Carpi ulnaris, 8. F. Digitorum superficialis, 9. F. Digitorum profundus, 10. F. Pollicus brevis, 11. F. Pollicus longus, 12. Pronator quadratus, 13. Abdtr. Pollicus brevis, 14. Abdtr. Digiti minimi, 15. F. Digiti minimi brevis, 16. Opponens pollicus, 17. Addtr. pollicus, 18. F. Digiti minimi brevis, 18. Opponens digiti minimi, 19. Lumbricales, 20&21. Dorsal and palmar interossei

Question 16

Name the order for the development of the structures of the brachial plexus.

Answer 16

Roots, trunks, division (ant. & post.), cords, branches.

Question 17

The rotation of the upper limb occurs during week ___ - ___

Answer 17

6-8

Question 18

The upper limb rotates ______ degrees l_________

Answer 18

90 degrees laterally

Question 19

The absence of the ZPA determines what?

Answer 19

The growth of the thumb. A bud with ZPAs on both edges develops polydactylity featuring two 5th digits.

Question 20

The nerves of the brachial plexus originate from the n_______ t_____.

Answer 20

Neural tube

Question 21

Name the bones that form from the lateral plate mesoderm ( 8 items ).

Answer 21

Scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 22

Hyaline cartilage models of the bones form during week _____.

Answer 22

6

Question 23

Primary ossification centers are seen in which UE bones first and during which week(s).

Answer 23

Primary ossification - clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna

During weeks 7 - 9

Question 24

Primary ossification begins in the d___________ and is called o____________.

Answer 24

Diaphyses, osteogenesis

Question 25

After week _____ , primary ossification centers can be found in the scapula, metacarpals and phalanges. Secondary ossification, and the ossification of the carpals takes place during ____________.

Answer 25

9, childhood.

Question 26

Which branches arise from the lateral, medial, and posterior cords of the brachial plexus?

Answer 26

Lateral - musculotaneous and 1/2 of the median
Medial - ulnar and 1/2 of the median
Posterior - axillary and radial