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BIOL 3320 > Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, and blood

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3
Q

Why do we need oxygen?

A

ATP synthesis

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4
Q

Approximately how much ATP do we need in a day?

A

around 100 lbs ATP/day

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5
Q

Why does our body constantly need to take in oxygen for ATP production?

A

Our body can only store enough ATP to last minutes or seconds at a time.

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6
Q

systole

A

contracted

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7
Q

diastole

A

relaxed

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8
Q

major divisions of circulatory system

A

pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

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9
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right side of heart; carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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10
Q

systemic circuit

A

left side of heart; supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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11
Q

Does the left side of the heart receive oxygenated or oxygen-poor blood?

A

oxygenated blood

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12
Q

Where does the blood on the left side of the heart arrive from?

A

the lungs via pulmonary veins

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13
Q

Where is blood sent from the left side of the heart?

A

all organs of the body via aorta

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14
Q

Does the right side of the heart receive oxygenated or oxygen-poor blood?

A

oxygen-poor blood

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15
Q

Where does the blood on the right side of the heart arrive from?

A

inferior and superior venae cava

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16
Q

Where is blood sent from the left side of the heart?

A

lungs via pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

What direction do arteries carry blood?

A

away from the heart

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18
Q

Do arteries carry oxygenated or oxygen-poor blood?

A

oxygenated blood

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19
Q

What direction do veins carry blood?

A

toward the heart

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20
Q

Do veins typically carry oxygenated or oxygen-poor blood?

A

typically oxygen-poor blood

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21
Q

What are the only veins that carries oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins

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22
Q

base of heart

A

wide, superior portion of heart; large vessels attach here

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23
Q

apex of heart

A

tapered inferior end of heart; tilts left

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24
Q

What does the apex push into?

A

left lung

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25
Q

How are the right and left lungs shaped relative to each other?

A

The right lung is wider and shorter, and the left lung is narrower and taller.

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26
Q

mediastinum

A

area between lungs; location of heart

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27
Q

pericardium

A

double-walled sac that encloses heart; anchored to diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly

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28
Q

function of pericardium

A

allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to expand, resists excessive expansion

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29
Q

parietal pericardium

A

pericardial sac; superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue; deep, thin serous layer

30
Q

pericardial cavity

A

space inside the pericardial sac filled with 5-30mL pericardial fluid

31
Q

pericarditis

A

painful inflammation of membranes

32
Q

layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

33
Q

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

A

serous membrane covering heart; adipose in thick layers in some places; coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

34
Q

myocardium

A

layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load; muscle spirals around heart producing wringing motion; fibrous skeleton of heart: framework of collagenous and elastic fibers

35
Q

function of fibrous skeleton of myocardium

A

provide structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue; electrical insulation between atria and ventricles: important for timing and coordination of contractile activity

36
Q

Why is the myocardium thicker on the left side of the heart?

A

The left side has to pump blood throughout the body, so it needs more cardiac muscle to match the workload.

37
Q

endocardium

A

smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels; covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

38
Q

chambers of heart

A

right and left atria and right and left ventricles

39
Q

right and left atria

A

superior chambers of heart; receive blood returning to heart; auricles (seen on surface) enlarge chamber

40
Q

right and left ventricles

A

inferior chambers of heart; pump blood into arteries

41
Q

interatrial septum

A

wall that separates atria

42
Q

pectinate muscles

A

internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles

43
Q

interventricular septum

A

muscular wall that separates ventricles

44
Q

trabecular carneae

A

internal ridges in both ventricles; may prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction

45
Q

atrioventricular sulcus

A

separates atria and ventricles

46
Q

interventricular sulcus

A

overlies the inter ventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left

47
Q

Sulci contain…

A

…coronary arteries.

48
Q

function of valves

A

ensuring one-way flow of blood through heart

49
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

50
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right AV valve

51
Q

mitral (formerly bicuspid) valve

A

left AV valve

52
Q

chordae tendineae

A

cords connecting AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles

53
Q

function of chordae tendineae

A

prevent AV valves from flipping or bulging into atria when ventricles contract

54
Q

papillary muscles

A

each has 2-3 attachments to heart floor to distribute physical stress, coordinate timing of electrical conduction, and provide redundancy

55
Q

semilunar valves

A

control flow into great arteries; open and close bc of blood flow and pressure

56
Q

pulmonary (semilunar) valve

A

in opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

57
Q

aortic (semilunar) valve

A

in opening between left ventricle and aorta

58
Q

When the ventricles relax…

A

…pressure drops inside the ventricles, semilunar valves close as blood attempts to back up into the ventricles from the vessels, AV valves open, and blood flows from atria to ventricles.

59
Q

When the ventricles contract…

A

…AV valves close as blood attempts to back up into atria, pressure rises inside of the ventricles, and semilunar valves open and blood flows into great vessels.

60
Q

Blood enters the right atrium from…

A

…the superior and inferior venae cavae.

61
Q

Blood in right atrium flows through…

A

…right AV valve into right ventricle.

62
Q

Contraction of right ventricle…

A

…is simultaneous with contraction of left ventricle and forces pulmonary valve open.

63
Q

Blood flows through pulmonary valve into…

A

…pulmonary trunk.

64
Q

Blood in pulmonary trunk is distributed by…

A

…right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads CO2 and loads O2.

65
Q

Blood returns from lungs via…

A

…pulmonary veins to left atrium.

66
Q

Blood in left atrium flows through…

A

…left AV valve into left ventricle.

67
Q

Contraction of left ventricle…

A

…is simultaneous with contraction of right ventricle and forces aortic valve open.

68
Q

Blood flows through aortic valve into…

A

…ascending aorta.

69
Q

Blood in aorta is…

A

…distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads O2 and loads CO2.

70
Q

Blood returns to right atrium via…

A

venae cavae.

71
Q
A

BIOL 3320 (2 decks)

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