chapter 19: special needs and medically compromised patient Flashcards
The dental assistant’s role in caring for the special care patient can be divided into the following three major areas:
- Aiding the dentist in providing treatment.
- Serving as a source of information for the patient and the family.
- Making the patient more comfortable and reducing anxiety.
is the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population.
aging population
older adults can be divided into three categories:
- Functionally independent older adults
- Frail older adults
- Dependent older adults
The condition of a patient’s mouth can affect self-esteem, esthetics, nutrition, social interaction, and personal comfort
t or f
true
Along with the medical history, it is essential that a _____ _____ be completed for each patient
medication profile
The most commonly reported oral health–related conditions that affect the aging population are : .
- xerostemia
- periodontal disease
- bone resorption
- brittle teeth
- tooth decay
More than __% of older people may be affected by periodontal disease, and most are unaware of it.
50
Studies have shown that older patients have a higher risk for root caries and recurrent decay around___ or ___ restorations.
old
worn
a result of deposits of secondary dentin that have gradually reduced the size of the pulp chamber. These teeth can then become more susceptible to fracture
dark and brittle teeth
Healthy patients who require no special modifications
category I patients
Patients with medical conditions who require scheduling changes or shorter appointments
category II patients
Patients with medical conditions who have lifelong implications; these patients require modifications in dental treatment planning, including alterations in anesthetic, types of dental materials, and patient positioning
category III patients
Patients with medical conditions who require more significant modifications in dental treatment planning, including treatment to meet dental needs within the operating room
category 4 patients
Patients with serious medical conditions who require only limited care to eliminate serious acute oral disease; includes patients who must be kept free of pain and discomfort
category 5 patients
are the result of an impairment that occurred during a person’s developmental phase (prenatal through age 18)
developmental disorders
Disorders causing a developmental disability can be chromosomal abnormalities such as :
- intellectual disability
- down syndrome
- autism
- cerebral palsy
- fetal alchohol syndrome
- posnatal infection
- birth anoxia
Many patients with developmental disorders are routinely seen in a _______ _____ office
pediatiric dental office
is the impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning.
intellectual disability
also termed trisomy 21, is one of the most well-known developmental disorders. It is associated with an extra chromosome of the twenty-first group. These individuals have 47 chromosomes rather than the standard complement of 46.
down syndrome
affects how information is processed in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize
autism
Individuals with autism disorders demonstrate difficulties in three main areas
- social interaction
- communication, -repetitive behaviors or restricted interests.
vary from total blindness to limitations in color perception, distance perception, recognition of shapes, and size of visual field
vision impairment
disorder that involves the nervous system, which begins in the brain.
neurologic disorders
Form of progressive dementia that includes memory loss and loss of cognitive abilities that occurs in middle to older age
alzheimers
Mental disorder characterized by loss of memory, concentration, and judgment
dementia
Sudden attack, spasm, or convulsion that occurs in specific disorders.
seizures
Patients who have a seizure disorder may be receiving antiepileptic medication such as phenytoin (_______)
dilantin
dilantin may cause side effects such as :
- increased bleeding
- drowsiness
- lack of coordination
- gingival overgrowth
- xerostemia
is a neurologic disorder characterized by clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain that signal abnormally and cause recurrent episodes of seizures.
epilepsy
There are four main categories of seizures, as follows:
- generalized seizures
- partial seizures
- nonepileptic seizures
- status epipelticus
having been referred to as grand mal seizures, affect the entire brain.
generalized seizures
having been referred to as petit mal seizures, affect a part of the brain. A person experiencing this type of seizure will often stay awake and aware throughout the seizure
partial seizures
are not related to epilepsy but are caused by other things, such as diabetes, a high fever, or some other cause.
non-epileptic seizures
is a continuing seizure and one of the few reasons emergency personnel should be contacted.
status epilepticus
is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting adults between the ages of 30 and 50
multiple screlosis
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is also known as
stroke
A patient who has had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or
stroke, has experienced minor to severe loss of ____ ____ _____ function
central nervous system
CNS
affect the nerves that control your voluntary muscles.
neuromuscular disorder
is a disease characterized by progressive
atrophy and weakness of the skeletal muscles with increasing disability and deformity.
muscular dystrophy
is a motor system disorder that is the result of loss of dopamine-producing brain cells
parkinsons disease
is a group of nonprogressive neuromuscular disorders caused by brain damage (usually resulting from anoxia) sustained during the prenatal or perinatal period or during infancy.
cerebral palsy
is a degenerative nervous system disease that causes loss of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord, resulting in muscular atrophy, weakness, and spasticity.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
aka lou gehrigs diseases
two most common types of arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
a chronic disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in the joints.
rheumatoid arthritis
stiffening of the joints that causes the joints to become inflamed and painful
(seen in older patients)
osteoarthritis
the leading cause of death among men over age 40 and among women over age 65
heart disease
Heart disease can manifest in many ways, such as :
- hypertension
- stable or unstable angina, -congestive heart failure
- myocardial infarction.
is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body’s other organs.
People with this disease cannot exert themselves because they become short of breath and tired
congestive heart failure
is a coronary disease in which a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle causes a sharp pain in the chest
angina
Angina can be “stable,” in which case the pain is usually predictable, or “unstable,” in which case the pain is unpredictable.
t or f
true
Inflammation of the endocardium
endocarditis
affect the lungs and are characterized by airway obstruction.
pulmonary disorder
is a condition in which the body reacts to an antigen.
allergies
is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.
asthma
often arises from allergies and is characterized by an increased hypersensitivity to various stimuli, resulting in bronchial edema and widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways.
broncial asthma
characterized by blocked airflow during respiration.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
____ _____ and
_____ are the two most common diseases classified as COPD.
Chronic
bronchitis
emphysema
is a disorder that results in irreversible narrowing of the bronchial airways caused by chronic inflammation, increased production of mucus, edema of the bronchial mucosa, and reduced ciliary activity
Chronic bronchitis
irreversible enlargement of the size of the air spaces that results in labored breathing and an increased susceptibility to infection. This interferes with expiration, and the lungs become overinflated because of the trapping of air.
emphysema
is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin
anemia
The endocrine system is composed of glands located in many different regions of the body, all of which release _____ into the bloodstream.
hormones
A patient with an overactive thyroid gland may be diagnosed with Graves’ disease, the most common form of
________
hyperthyroidism.
When the thyroid gland is underactive and produces fewer hormones than usual, the patient is diagnosed with
hyoithyroidism
is a disorder of the metabolism, the way the body uses digested food for energy. With the help of a hormone called insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy.
diabetes mellitus
blood coagulation disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally
hemophelia
