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A Biological Diversity AM June 20th 2017 > Chapter 19 Keywords > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the sequence of bases in DNA. Istrupting proten synthesis

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2
Q

Mutagen

A

A chemical physical or biological agent that causes mutation

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3
Q

Physical mutagen

A

Ionising radiation eg X ray

Breaks one or more DNA strands. Some breaks can be replaced but mutations can happen in the process

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4
Q

Chemical mutagen

A

Deaminating agents

Chemically alters bases I DNA such as converting c to U in DNA. Changing the DNA base sequence

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5
Q

Biological agents

A

Can be lkylating agents
Base analogs
Virus

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6
Q

Alkylating agent

A

Methyl or ethyl groups are attached to bases so incorrect pairing of bases during replication

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7
Q

Base analogs

A

Added to DNA instead of the usual base during replication, changing bases sequence

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8
Q

Viruses

A

May insert itself into genome changing the base sequence

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9
Q

Depurination

A

Loss of a purine base
Often Happens spontaneously
The absence of a base can lead to insertion of an incorrect base through complementary base pairing during DNA replication

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10
Q

Depyrimidination

A

Loss of a pyrimidine
Often Happens spontaneously
The absence of a base can lead to insertion of an incorrect base through complementary base pairing during DNA replication

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11
Q

Anticarcinogens

A

Vit ACE in fruit and veg
Negate the effects of free radicals that are oxidising agents and can affect the structures of nucleotides and also distrupt base pairing during DNA replication

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12
Q

Silent mutation

A

Don’t change any proteins or the activity of any proteins made
Have no effect on the phenotype
Can happen in introns or code for the same a.a
May change the primary structure but don’t change the overall structure or function

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13
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Codon becomes a stop codon
So shorted protein made that is normally non functional
Normally have negative or harmful effect on phenotype

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14
Q

Missence

A

Incorrect amino Acid/s added to primary structure when protein made. Two types. Conservative and non conservative
Result depend on role the a.a plays in the structure
Could be beneficial silent or harmful.

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15
Q

Conservative mutation

A

Type Of missense mutation

A.a change leads to a.a coded for with similar properties to the O.g so effects are less servere

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16
Q

Non conservative mutation

A

New a.a coded for have different properties to the o.g

More likely to have an effect on protein structure and may cause disease

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17
Q

Gene mutation

A

Happens in single genes or whole sections of DNA

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18
Q

Chromosome mutation

A 
Affect the whole chromosome or number of chromosomes within a cell. Can be cause by mutagens and normally happen during meiosis. Can be silent but often lead to developmental difficulties 
Deletion 
Duplication 
Translocation
Inversion
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19
Q

Inversion chromosome mutation

A

A section of chromosome breaks off and is reversed the joins back onto the chromosome

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20
Q

Translocation chromosome mutation

A

A section of one chromosome breaks off and joins another non homologous chromosome

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21
Q

Duplication chromosome mutation

A

Section is duplicated on a chromosome

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22
Q

Deletion chromosome mutation

A

A section of a chromosome breaks off and is lost within the cell

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23
Q

Gene regulation

A 
Fundamentally the same in pro and eukary
4 types.
Transcriptional
Post Transcriptional
Translational 
Post translational
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24
Q

Transcriptional gene regulation

A

Genes can be turned on or off

25
Post transcriptional gene regulation
MRNA can be modified which regulates translation and the types of proteins produced
26
Translational gene regulation
Translation can be stoped or started
27
Post translational gene regulation
Proteins can be modified after synthesis which changes their functions
28
Heterochromatin
Tightly wound DNA causing chromosomes to be visible during cell division. Can't transcribe when DNA like this becasuse RNA polymerase can't access the genes
29
Euchromatin
Loosely wound DNA present in interphase. Genes can be freely transcribed. Hence DNA replication happens in interphase
30
Chromatin
The DNA protein complex made when DNA wound around histones (proteins) so they can be packed into the nucleus
31
Chromatin remodelling
Simple form of transcriptional control. DNA wound around histones (proteins) so they can be packed into the nucleus Ensuring proteins necessary for cell division are made in time Prevents the complex and energy consuming protein synthesis happening when cell divining
32
Acetylation
Adding acetyl groups. Reduces positive charge on histones. DNA coils less tightly Certain genes can be transcribed
33
Phosphorylation
Adding phosphate groups.Reduces positive charge on histones. DNA coils less tightly Certain genes can be transcribed
34
Methylation
Adding methyl groups. Making histones more hydrophobic so they bind more tightly to each other. DNA coils more tightly and prevents transcription of genes
35
Epigenetics
Used to describe the Control of gene expression by DNA modification
36
Histone modification
Modification of histones to increase or decrease the degree of packing/condensation
37
Operon
Group of genes that are under the control of the same regulatory mechanism and are expressed at the same time. More common in pro than eu
38
Lac operon
Group of three structural genes. Lac Z Lac Y Lac A Involved in the metabolism of lactose and they are transcribed onto one single long molecule of mRNA Code for B galactosidase , lactose permesase and transacetylase respectively
39
Lac I
Regulatory gene Located near the operon Codes for a repressor protein that prevents transcription of the structural genes lacZYA in the absence of lactose
40
Post translational control
Modify proteins that have been synthesised - addition of non proteins groups eg. Carbs lipids phosphates - modify a.a by making bonds eg disulphide bridges - fold or shorted proteins - modify by cAMP eg in lac operon, cAMP bonds to cAMPrp to increase rate of transcription of structural genes
41
Translation control
Regulate protein synthesis -degradation of mRNA The more resistance the molecule the longer it lasts in the cytoplasm so more protein made -binding in inhibitory proteins to mRNA preventing it binding to ribosome and the synthesis of proteins -activiation of initiation factors that help mRNA bind to ribosomes
42
Protein kinases
Enzymes that catalyse addition of phosphate group to proteins that changes teritiary structure and function of protein Important regulators of protein activity Often Activated by cAMP
43
Morphogenesis
The regulation of the pattern of anatomical development
44
Homeobox gene
Group of genes that all contain a homeobox | Regulatory genes
45
Homeobox
Section of DNA 180 Base pairs long that code for a part of the protein 60 a.a long that is highly conserved in animal plants and fungi
46
Homeodomain
is the part of the protein that attaches (binds) to DNA and switches other genes on or off
47
Hox genes
Group of homeobox genes only found in animals Responsible for the positioning of body parts Found in clusters. Mammals have four clusters on different chromosomes The order they appear is the order their effects are expressed Regulate mitosis and apoptosis
48
Diploblastic
Have two primary tissue layers
49
Triploblastic
Have three primary tissue layers
50
Somites
Segments in the embryo that individual vertebrae and associated structures have all developed from. Somites are directly are directed by hox genes to develop in a certain way depending on their position in the sequence
51
Radical symmetry
Seen in diploblastic animals eg jellyfish No left and right sides Just up and down
52
Bilateral symmetry
Seen in most animals Have a left and right A head and tail not just a top and bottom
53
Asymmetry
Seen in sponges with no lines of symmetry
54
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death | Shapes different body parts by removing unwanted cells and tissue.
55
Stress
The conditions produced when the homeostatic balance within a organism is upset
56
Gene mutation
The substitution deletion or substitution of one or more nucleotides or base pairs within a gene
57
Point mutation
Only on nucleotide/base pair is affected
58
Housekeeper genes
Genes that code for enzymes that are necessary for reactions present in the metabolic pathways that are constantly required

A Biological Diversity AM June 20th 2017 (18 decks)

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