Chapter 19: Industry, Mass Politics, and Culture

Question 1

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

End of 19th century focused on electricity, oil, gas, chemicals.

Question 2

Bessemer Process

Answer 2

In the second industrial revolution, steel production increased while reducing costs due to the Bessemer Process.

Question 3

Main Inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

Telephone: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

Internal combustion engine: increased gas powered automobiles and mechanics.

Question 4

World Economy in the Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 4

Great Britain, Germany, and United States dominated the world economy and production of manufactured goods. However, Great Britain’s power was waning with the emergence of Germany and US.

Question 5

Population and Urbanization

Answer 5

Population grew in this time with less death rates and increasing agriculture and industrialization. Many people migrated to the cities and lived in urban tenements.

Question 6

“Belle Epoque”

Answer 6

“The Beautiful Period.” After WWI, people would remember this time of peace, prosperity, and progress (3 P’s) as the “belle époque.”

Question 7

Classes in Second Industrial Revolution Europe

Answer 7

Upper class: comprised very small percentage of people, but they lived very luxurious life styles.

Middle class: About a fourth of European population. Cheaper foods and increase in real wages allowed people to purchase home machinery, cars, and more leisure time and activities (opera, café, dance halls, rugby).

Working class: Majority of the population. While lives for these people did improve little with the increase in real wages, the lifestyles did not change much – gross slums had deadly diseases.

Question 8

Women’s Rights: Key Voices

Answer 8

• Olympe de Gouges: Wrote “The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen,” which argued for the quality of female French rights to men.
• Mary Wollstonecraft: Wrote “Vindication on the Rights of Women,” which argued that the lack of equality in gender is due to the lack of education for females.
• John Stuart Mill: “Subjection of Women,” which argued for the equality of women.
• Ibsen: “A Doll’s House” criticized traditional marriage roles.

Question 9

Women’s Rights: Economic Hardships

Answer 9

Industrial Revolution opened more economic opportunities for women, as many women and children joined the labor force for lower wages than men.

As trade unions began to win more wages for men, they opposed women taking skilled jobs. Women with education were reduced to only being teachers or nurses.

Question 10

Women’s Rights: Legal Discrimination

Answer 10

• Women could not make contracts for property or child custody.
• By 1880s, some of these unfair laws were changed especially in more industrialized countries (divorce).
• Women still did not get the right to vote anywhere.

Question 11

Women’s Rights: Suffrage

Answer 11

United States: Seneca Falls Convention, Susan B. Anthony and others fight for suffrage.

Britain: Millicent Fawcett tried to pressure Parliament members into giving women suffrage. Emmeline Pankhurst promoted even violent acts, such as hunger strikes and tampering with Parliament member’s mailboxes. Emily Davidson committed suicide by throwing herself in front of the king’s horse at the derby to raise awareness for suffrage. Overall, these attempts failed.

Question 12

Women’s Rights: “Angel in the House”

Answer 12

The ideal woman of the middle class was a stay at home mother, and an “angel in the house.” They supervised their children’s education and domestic servants.

Question 13

Women’s Rights: New Woman

Answer 13

By the end of the 19th century, women began to get more independent lifestyles. The began becoming activists in the communities, and bikes and transportation allowed women to leave the home easily. Also the end of corsets and petticoats to promote easier movement and transportation.

Question 14

Age of Mass Politics

Answer 14

In the end of 19th century, early 20th century, men were granted universal suffrage. Political parties began to gain prominence as well as trade unions. Legislation was also made to help out the lower classes.

However, the balance of power was especially unstable with nationalism, second industrial revolution, and realpolitik.

Question 15

Paris Commune

Answer 15

Began with giving up Alsace and Lorraine to the Germans. Parisians did want treaty or a conservative government, and the Commune was a party to protest this. However, the government troops crushed all the opposition from the Communards, which left a class hatred in French politics.

Question 16

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 16

Dreyfus was a Jewish offer who was wrongfully accused of selling French military secrets to the Germans. He was sentenced to life on Devil’s Island. Emile Zola wrote “J’accuse” to defend Dreyfus, and was completely exonerated in a few years.

This represented a wide-spread feeling of anti-semitism.

Question 17

“The Jewish State”

Answer 17

Written by Theodore Herzl, which advocated for a home country for the Jews. Inspired by the Dreyfus Affair.

Question 18

Irish Independence

Answer 18

In the 19th century, Ireland was joined with Great Britain and ruled by British parliament. Parnell led the Irish in trying to get its own Parliament, and Gladstone (prime minister) supported this. Gladstone’s support split the liberals and conservatives, allowing the conservatives to take power.

Irish Home Rule Bill passed in 20th century.

Question 19

Irish Home Rule Bill

Answer 19

Passed in the 20th century, allowing Irish to have their own parliament.

Question 20

Franchise Act of 1884

Answer 20

Allowed rural male laborers to receive enfranchisement.

Question 21

Germany’s State Social Welfare

Answer 21

Was the first country to instate a state social welfare program. Bismarck included health insurance, pensions, accident insurance, etc to prove that Germany was a benevolent institution, not an oppressor.

Question 22

William II

Answer 22

Arrogant guy who wanted to rule alone, so he forced Bismarck to resign. He continued expanding all of Bismarck’s policies and social welfare program, in which Germany continued to grow economically and militarily.

Question 23

Russia’s Autocracy and Succession

Answer 23

Alexander II (from Crimean war) -> Alexander III -> Nicholas II.

Alexander II was assassinated which ended Russia’s brief period of reform after the Crimean War. In contrast, Alexander III and Nicholas II were both autocrats who believed in tradition and Russification.

Both rulers supported anti-Semitic attacks called the pogroms.

Question 24

Political Divisions ( Kadets vs. Social Democrats)

Answer 24

Kadets vs. Social democrats. Cadets wanted a constitutional monarchy, while the social democrats want a revolution.

Social democrats broke into the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. Mensheviks wanted gradual reform, while Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) wanted a communist revolution run by a small group of elites.

Question 25

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 25

The 1870 to 1900 was a time of Japanese military and naval improvement, which surprised the rest of Europe. Japan became more imperialistic with its power, and took over parts of China and Manchuria.

Japan’s interest in Manchuria alarmed the Russians, which culminated into the Russo-Japanese War, which Japans crushed the Russians.

Question 26

Revolution of 1905

Answer 26

Occurred in Russia. After the Russo-Japanese War, the weakness of the autocratic regime of Alexander III and Nicholas II was exposed. Led to Bloody Sunday and the reluctant adoption of the Duma by Nicholas II.

Question 27

“Bloody Sunday”

Answer 27

Cossacks open fire on peaceful protesters, which provoked many strikes and demand for change. This led to Nicholas II reluctantly adopting a Duma.

Question 28

Bacterial Revolution

Answer 28

Revolution in the scientific and medical industry.

• Louis Pasteur: experiments that added to the germ theory, discovered heat could kill many bacteria, and invented pasteurization process.
• Robert Koch: discovered tuberculosis bacteria, and bacteria are responsible for certain diseases.
• Lister: advocated sterile surgery, as well as the use of carbonic acid to sterilize medical instruments.

Impact: saved millions of lives, lengthened human life expectancy, and urban life style was greatly improved.

Question 29

Charles Darwin

Answer 29

Came up with the theory of evolution. In “On the Origin of Species,” Darin argued for natural selection and the concept of evolution, which contradicted the Christian view that God had put all the species on Earth and it has not changed since.

Also caused controversy with the Enlightened view that we lived in a “predictable and tranquil world,” since evolution means things are always changing.

Question 30

Social Darwinism

Answer 30

Herbert Spencer applied Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection to human races and society. He argued that certain people and race’s successes and failures were a result of their inherent inadequacy from natural selection.

Many used Social Darwinism to advocate for laissez faire economy and social welfare programs that helped poor people.

While Spencer and his followers approved of this, many people still did not agree with this racist view.

Question 31

Impressionism

Answer 31

Characterized by:

• capturing a moment in time.
• blurry, unclear shapes
• fleeting affects of light and color.

Famous artists:

• Monet
• Renoir

Question 32

Cubism

Answer 32

Characterized by:

• geometric shapes.
• flat, jagged shapes that show multiple views of the same object, thus giving it depth in seemingly linear space.

Famous Artists:
- Picasso