Chapter 17: Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution

Question 1

Forces of the Past (pre-19th century)

Answer 1

1. Monarchy
2. Aristocracy
3. Patriarchal family
4. Church
5. Conservatism

Question 2

Conservatism

Answer 2

1. Believed in historic, national, and religious traditions.
2. Change should be gradual.
3. Appealed to those who were afraid of change, and scared of what happened in the French Revolution.

Question 3

Forces of the Future

Answer 3

1. Industrialization: new class, growing urbanization and middle class, Great Britain.
2. Liberalism
3. Nationalism

Question 4

Liberalism

Answer 4

1. Believed in natural rights.
2. Written constitution.
3. Constitutional monarchy, republic. BUT did not like full democracy.
4. Economic individualism.
5. Inspired the revolutions of 1848 and 1830.
6. Civil liberties.
7. Less concerned for urban workers.

Question 5

Nationalism

Answer 5

1. Believed that a nation consisted of a group of people connected under one language, ethnicity, culture, etc.
2. All people are sovereign to the state.
3. Stirred powerful forces to change (unifications, etc).

Question 6

Metternich

Answer 6

Host of the Congress of Vienna. Austrian, and committed to conservatism. Saw liberalism and nationalism as threats to the peace Europe and multi-ethnic Austria were experiencing.

Question 7

Legitimacy

Answer 7

Reinstating the ruling families that had been in power before Napoleon’s reign.

Louis XVIII returned to French throne, Bourbons in the Spanish throne, and House of Orange and House of Savoy in England.

Question 8

Congress of Vienna

Answer 8

Created a balance of power for Europe. The leaders wanted to control France so that it couldn’t do another French Revolution, but not so far as to humiliate France. So, France had to pay reparations, but could keep its overseas territory and army.

However, the powers around France became more powerful, with Dutch + Netherlands, loose German confederation, Sardinia + Piedmont and Savoy. Switzerland was also named as neutral.

Overall: The Congress of Vienna created a new balance of power that lasted until the German unification in 1871, as well as was a temporary conservative win.

Question 9

Concert of Europe

Answer 9

Russia, England, Austria, and Prussia (REAP) formed the “Quadruple Alliance” to keep the conservative order. So the Concert of Europe was the constant meeting of these four countries stop solve international crises and agree on foreign policy issues.

Question 10

Revolts in Response to the Concert of Europe

Answer 10

Overall, the Concert of Europe disappointed liberalists and nationalists.

1. Spain and Italy: Ferdinand VII was incredibly oppressive, so people wanted more representative government. The French came in and crushed this. Sardinia and Piedmont, Naples experienced similar uprisings, which were quickly crushed by Austrian Metternich.
2. Germany: German liberalists wanted more liberal reforms and a unified Germany, so students formed little get togethers. However, this resulted in the Carlsbad Decrees, which completely took away many civil liberties.
3. Russia: When Tsar Alexander I died, some military officers took part in the Decembrist Revolts. This was quickly and ruthless crushed by the autocrat Nicholas I.

Question 11

Romanticism

Answer 11

First half of the 19th century. Inspired a desire for thoughts, emotions, actions.

Characteristics:

1. Rejected reason.
2. Very emotional
3. Depicted God as loving, caring individual.
4. Showed the beauty of nature, as opposed to the world is a machine view of the enlightenment.
5. Inspiration from the medieval times.

Question 12

Romantic Artists, Composers, and Writers

Answer 12

Writers: Wordsworth, Schiller
Composers: Beethoven, Wagner
Artists: Friedrich, Delacroix

Question 13

Enlightenment vs. Romanticism

Answer 13

Enlightenment: reason, Deism, scientific, world depicted as a machine.

Romanticism: emotions, God is a loving individual, rejected reason, beauty of the world.

Question 14

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 14

Created because the House of Commons was very unrepresentative of the British people, and highly populated areas received little representation, where some lowly populated areas received lots of representation.

1. Redistributed the electoral districts to be more equal.
2. Enfranchisement to all middle aged men.
3. House of Commons > Lords

Question 15

Repeal of the Corn Laws

Answer 15

1832ish: Corn got really expensive due to high tariffs imposed by Parliament (Corn Laws), people got mad (namely middle class). People created the Anti-Corn Law League, which Parliament then repealed the initial act. This was a major victory for the urban working class, and free trade.

Question 16

Chartist Movement

Answer 16

In this time, the working class proposed the People’s Charter, which included:

1. Universal suffrage.
2. Secret ballot.
3. Equal representation of the districts.
4. No property requirements for the House of Commons.

Parliament initially said no, but soon all of their demands were pretty much met.

Question 17

Consequences of Britain’s Liberal Reforms

Answer 17

• British people saw that change was possible without bloody revolution.
• Experienced less internal unrest than the rest of Europe (ex: Britain did not experience any Revolutions of 1830 or 1848.)

Question 18

French Revolution of 1830

Answer 18

Louis XVIII -> Charles X. Charles X was very anti-republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism, which made lots of people angry.

The proletariat and the bourgeoisie were both upset at Charles X and were united to overthrow the tyranny, however, the two groups wanted different things: proletariat wanted republic, and the bourgeoisie wanted a constitutional monarchy.

Bourgeoisie prevailed.

Question 19

Belgium Revolution of 1830

Answer 19

Catholic Belgium and Protestant Netherlands had nothing in common, so Belgium wanted independence. Britain and France wanted nothing to do with this, so they acknowledged Belgium as independent.

Successful.

Question 20

Italian Nationalism

Answer 20

Austria controlled North Italy. Carbonari (Italian nationalists) wanted independence, so they rebelled, but were quickly crushed by the Austrian troops.

Question 21

Carbonari

Answer 21

Italian nationalists that rebelled in the Italian Revolution of 1830s. Key Carbonari is Giuseppe Mazzini.

Question 22

Causes of the 1848 Revolutions

Answer 22

• Metternich Congress of Vienna was no longer that useful.
• Widespread crop failures, unemployment, rising prices called for change and revolution.
• Conservative leaders ignoring the pleas and demands for liberalism.
• Germans and Italians yearned for unification.

Question 23

French Revolution of 1848

Answer 23

Louis Phillipe refused to give workers the franchise, and his government soon collapsed from all the upset people. There was then a power vacuum, until Louis Bonaparte took control of the Second French Republic.

Question 24

Italian Revolution of 1848

Answer 24

Giuseppe Mazzini tried to start a liberal republic encompassing all of Italy, however, this failed due to the still strong presence of Austria within Italy.

Question 25

German Revolution of 1848

Answer 25

Many Germans wanted unification. Many German states (except Austria) agreed to the Zollverein. Riots broke out in 1848, which resulted in the Prussian assembly creating a new constitution, and Frederick William encouraging a meeting in the Frankfurt Assembly.

However, Frederick William did a 180 and rejected the Frankfurt assembly.

Question 26

Zollverein

Answer 26

A trade union of all the German states except Austria to eliminate all tariffs.

Question 27

Austrian Revolutions of 1848

Answer 27

Austria had so many different ethnicities and languages. With the revolutions, Metternich resigned.

The robot was abolished, but the Austrian government soon regain control.

Question 28

Revolution of 1848 Overall

Answer 28

The revolutions of 1848 largely failed due to the internal conflicts (groups all wanted revolution, but could not agree on the solution afterwards), lack of support from outside cities, and the continued strength of conservatism over liberalism.

Britain did not experience any revolutions, since it chose peaceful reforms instead. Russia was the complete opposite, as the oppressive laws stifled any type of reform.

Liberalism, nationalism, and unification all continued to grow.

The romantic spirit kind of died, and was replaced with political realism.