Chapter 19

Question 1

Brain size of A.afarensis

Answer 1

440mL

Question 2

Brain size of p.robustus

Answer 2

530mL

Only one with a sagittal crest - large jaw

Question 3

Brain size of H.neanderthalensis

Answer 3

1485mL

Question 4

Brain size of H.sapiens

Answer 4

1350mL

Question 5

Trend of bipedalism overtime?

Answer 5

Carrying angle increases from A.afarensis -> H.sapiens
Hips became broader overtime
Hind limb proportion increased overtime (legs longer than arms)

Question 6

Trends of reduction of teeth and jaw overtime?

Answer 6

Larger canines/diastema (only A.afarensis) - less evolved
Prognathism of jaw decreases overtime - face becomes more flatter
Heavier mandible -> thinner
No chin -> definite chin

Question 7

Trends of reduction of brow ridge overtime?

Answer 7

Low forehead in Australopithecines -> increasingly higher in Homos
Brow ridge gets smaller Australopithecines -> H.sapiens

Question 8

How does the brain increase overtime?

Answer 8

Increased complexity due to convolutions and size, since overtime they become more meat eaters also allowing them to gain more protein etc

Question 9

A.afarensis age

Answer 9

3.9-1.2 million years ago, Southern Africa

Question 10

H. habilis age

Answer 10

1.5-2 million years ago, East Africa

Question 11

H.erectus age

Answer 11

1.8-300,000 million years ago, Asia, Africa and Europe

Question 12

Gracile Australopithecus?

Answer 12

Both the Afarensis and Africanus

Question 13

Robust Australopithecus?

Answer 13

Paranthropus robustus.

Question 14

Gracile Africanus/Afarensis features

Answer 14

Slender 
120-140cm tall
Proportioned teeth 
Smaller jaw muscles
25-35kg

Question 15

Robust Paranthropus Robustus features

Answer 15

Heavier broader build 
30cm taller than gracile, 40kg more
Large jaws 
Bony crests 
Large broad molars w/small canines

Question 16

Homo habilis features

Answer 16

‘Handy man’ - tool making ability
Robust hands - powerful grip
Larger brain - complexity of brain, due to eating meat
Smaller teeth, prognathic jaw

Question 17

Homo erectus features

Answer 17

Weak forehead
Straight brow ridge
Prognathic upper jaw 
Modern hominin teeth 
Larger lower jaw

Question 18

Homo Neanderthals features

Answer 18

Big faces, low but large skulls
Heavy brow ridge
Bun shaped back of skull 
Lack of defined chin 
Pronounced nose

Question 19

Homo sapien features

Answer 19

Flat face 
No prognathism 
Delicate, lower jaw and teeth 
Chin present
No brow ridge 
Strong forehead 
Increased cranial capacity -> complexity of brain, convolutions

Question 20

H.neanderthals age

Answer 20

150,000-30,000 years ago, Southern Europe and Western Asia

Question 21

Cro-Magnon people

Answer 21

-

Question 22

Hominids and hominins

Answer 22

Hominids - great apes and humans

Hominins - humans and their bipedal ancestors