Chapter 19 Flashcards
Brain size of A.afarensis
440mL
Brain size of p.robustus
530mL
Only one with a sagittal crest - large jaw
Brain size of H.neanderthalensis
1485mL
Brain size of H.sapiens
1350mL
Trend of bipedalism overtime?
Carrying angle increases from A.afarensis -> H.sapiens
Hips became broader overtime
Hind limb proportion increased overtime (legs longer than arms)
Trends of reduction of teeth and jaw overtime?
Larger canines/diastema (only A.afarensis) - less evolved
Prognathism of jaw decreases overtime - face becomes more flatter
Heavier mandible -> thinner
No chin -> definite chin
Trends of reduction of brow ridge overtime?
Low forehead in Australopithecines -> increasingly higher in Homos
Brow ridge gets smaller Australopithecines -> H.sapiens
How does the brain increase overtime?
Increased complexity due to convolutions and size, since overtime they become more meat eaters also allowing them to gain more protein etc
A.afarensis age
3.9-1.2 million years ago, Southern Africa
H. habilis age
1.5-2 million years ago, East Africa
H.erectus age
1.8-300,000 million years ago, Asia, Africa and Europe
Gracile Australopithecus?
Both the Afarensis and Africanus
Robust Australopithecus?
Paranthropus robustus.
Gracile Africanus/Afarensis features
Slender 120-140cm tall Proportioned teeth Smaller jaw muscles 25-35kg
Robust Paranthropus Robustus features
Heavier broader build 30cm taller than gracile, 40kg more Large jaws Bony crests Large broad molars w/small canines
Homo habilis features
‘Handy man’ - tool making ability
Robust hands - powerful grip
Larger brain - complexity of brain, due to eating meat
Smaller teeth, prognathic jaw
Homo erectus features
Weak forehead Straight brow ridge Prognathic upper jaw Modern hominin teeth Larger lower jaw
Homo Neanderthals features
Big faces, low but large skulls Heavy brow ridge Bun shaped back of skull Lack of defined chin Pronounced nose
Homo sapien features
Flat face No prognathism Delicate, lower jaw and teeth Chin present No brow ridge Strong forehead Increased cranial capacity -> complexity of brain, convolutions
H.neanderthals age
150,000-30,000 years ago, Southern Europe and Western Asia
Cro-Magnon people
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Hominids and hominins
Hominids - great apes and humans
Hominins - humans and their bipedal ancestors
