Chapter 13

Question 1

Human genome project?

Answer 1

Mapping location of genes in all 46 chromosomes, 4,000 diseases are known and influences other lines of research

Question 2

Gene replacement?

Answer 2

Helping to cure genetic diseases, especially cancers

Genetic diseases are passed from parents -> offspring

Question 3

DNA sequencing?

Answer 3

Determination of the precise order of nucleotides in a sample of DNA,
It’s used to also show whether a person will inherit a disease by comparing DNA sequences, changed alleles can be detected

Question 4

Profiling techniques: Gel electrophoresis

Answer 4

DNA pieces placed on a semi-solid gel and an electric current is passed through electrodes at either end

Question 5

DNA fingerprint

Answer 5

Uses banding patterns of DNA fragments as a means of identification - unique to individual (ancestry, forensic science and diseases)

Question 6

Process of gel electrophoresis:

Answer 6

1. Denature DNA (single strands) 96 degrees
2. In the solution is more nucleotide of each base and a synthetic nucleotide of one specific base.
3. Using DNA polymerase, a lot of strands will be created (strands will be different lengths).

Question 7

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - LEARN THIS!

Answer 7

Segments of DNA being artificially multiple through a series of repeated cycles of duplication using an enzyme called DNA polymerase

Question 8

Process of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

Answer 8

1. Denature - DNA split due to heat (95 degrees).
2. Annealing - primers attach at the correct position on separate strands (60 degrees).
3. Synthesis - Taq polymerase (enzyme from organism that lives in hot conditions) moves along the strand go build a contemporary strand of DNA.
4. Repeated many times and the DNA will almost double.

Question 9

What is gel electrophoresis?

Answer 9

Natural negative, when you turn the machine on, it will move across positively
Larger - slower, smaller - faster
Used to be identify diseases -> Huntingtons, cystic fibrosis

Question 10

Why is sticky better than blunt ends?

Answer 10

Ensure human DNA fragment is inserted into the plasmid in the right direction.

Question 11

Gene therapy?

Answer 11

Treat or cure genetic diseases by replacing faulty genes with healthy ones e.g. Cystic fibrosis.

Question 12

Cell replacement therapy?

Answer 12

Put stem cells into somewhere that’s effected, replacing damaged tissues with healthy ones.

Question 13

Uses of recombinant DNA?

Answer 13

Insulin
hGH
Vaccines - hepatitis

Question 14

PCR: evidence for evolution

Answer 14

Determined relationships between human ancestors - small amounts of DNA can be extracted from fossils, they can be amplified and the genomes of our fossil ancestors compared

Question 15

Recombinant DNA: evidence for evolution

Answer 15

Recombining DNA from different organisms, including different species