chapter 19 Flashcards
what are the gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement of staph.. aureus
gram positive
circular in clusters
what is the casual agent of folliculitis
staphylococcus aureus
what is folliculitis
infection of hair follicles
if the infection is in the eyelid, it is called ________
sty
if the infection spreads into surrounding tissues, it is called __________
furuncles
what is carbuncle
multiple furuncles grow together
what is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of folliculitis
d- isolation of gram positive bacteria in grape like clusters from pus
t- diclxocillin, vancomycin
p- hand antisepsis, proper procedures in hospitals to minimize MRSA infections
what is the casual agent of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
staph. aureus
what is the toxin produced by staph. aureus causing SSSS… skin syndrome
toxins produced by bacteria
what are the signs and symptoms of SSSS
- cells of outer epidermis separate from one another and from underlying tissue
- reddening and wrinkling of the skin
what are the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SSSS
d- outer skin layers peel of in sheets
t- methichillin
p- difficult, bc its already in our body
what are the causal agents of impetigo(occurs most in children)and erysipelas (mostly in elderly)
- staph. aureus
- strep. pyogenes
what is the gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement of strep. pyogenes
gram positive
spherical (coccus), chain
which virulence factors of step. pyogens hides the bacteria from phagocytes
hyaluronic acid capsule
what are the signs and symptoms of impetigo and erysipelas
small flat red patches on face and limbs that develop into pus filled vesicles (impetigo)
reddening of skin on face arms and legs (erysipelas)
if the infection spreads to lymph nodes, is it impetigo or erysipelas
erysipelas
what are the actions of the virulence factors of strep. pyogenes?
M. protein- destabilizes aomplement, interferes phagocytosis. Hyaluronic acid capsule - hides bacteria from phagocytosis
pyrogenic toxins-stimulates macrophages and Th cells to release cytokines, which then will trigger inflammation (fever producing)
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of impetigo or erysipelas
d- presence of vesicles
t- penicillin
p- proper hygiene and cleanliness
what is the casual agent of necrotizing fasciitis? why is is called flesh eating?
pathogen: step. pyogens
- bc it will degrade the muscle for its nutrients and source of entry
what are the signs and symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis
- severe pain and swelling
- discoloration
- large, dark boil-like blisters
- visibly dead (necrotic) tissues
- fever, nausea, and malaise
give the virulence factors of strep. pyogenes causing necrotizing fasciitis
deoxyribonuclease- breaks down DNA streptokinase-breaks blood clot hyaluronidase-breaks hyaluronic acid exotoxin- inhibits proteins synthesis streptolysin- lyse cells
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of necrotizing fasciitis
d- early diagnosis is difficult bc of the symptoms, fast- acting
t- clindamycin, penicillin
p-difficult bc early diagnosis isnt detected quickly
what is the casual agent of acne
propionibacterium acnes
what is the gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement, and oxygen requirement of P. acnes
gram positive, tiny rods (bacilli), some strands are anaerobic
what is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acne
d-visual exam of the skin
t- doxycycline and benzol peroxide and others, clear light system
p-frequent cleaning of the skin
what is the casual agent of cat scratch disease
cartonelia nenselae
-transmitted by cat bites of scratches
what are the gram reactions, cell shape, and oxygen requirement of B. henselae
gram negative
aerobic
what are the signs and symptoms of cat scratch disease
fever and prolonged malaise
swelling at site of infection and lymph nodes
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cat scratch disease
d-indirect fluorescent antibody test
t- azithromycin
p- avoid cat-inflicted wounds, cleaning of bites and scratches
what is the casual agent of pseudomonas infection
pseudomonas aeruginosa
what is the gram reaction and shape of P. aeruginosa
gram negative, rod shaped(bacilli)
what are the signs and symptoms of pseudomonas infection
fever, chills, shock, and sometimes a green color due to pigment , pyocyanin
give the action of the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa.
1. fimbriae 2. neuramidase 3. capsule 4. exotoxin and endotoxin 5. elastase 6. pyocyanin
- attachment
- enhances attachment
- attachment
- exo- inhibits protein sythesis, endo- pyrogen
- destroys elastin
- forms superoxide radicals and peroxide anions
P. aeruginosa has several virulence factors but rarely cause a disease, why?
bc P. aeruginosa cannot penetrate skin that is intact
it can only effect burns, or cut skin
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Pseudomonas infection
d- pyocyanin discoloration
t- difficult
p- infection typically do not occur in healthy persons
what is the casual agents of rocky mountain spotted fever
rickettsia rickettsii
what are the gram reaction, and cell shape of R. richettsii
gram negative rod shaped (bacilli)
what are the signs and symptoms of RMSF rocky..
non itchy spotted rash on trunk and appendages
*leaking of blood causes the spotted rash
what is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of RMSF rocky
d- serological test
t- doxycycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol(antibiotics)
p- use of repellents and avoid tick infested areas
what is the casual agent of cutaneous anthrax
bacillus anthracis
what are the gram reaction cell shape of B. anthracis
gram positive
rod shaped (bacilli)
facultative anaerobic
what are the signs and symptoms of cutaneous anthrax
itching and lesion
eschal (coal black)
inflammation
death of cells
how is cutaneous anthrax transmitted to humans?
direct skin contact
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cutaneous anthax
d- visual exam
t- ciprufloxacin, penicillin, erythromycin
p- vaccination of animals
what is the casual agent of gas gangrene
clostridium perfringens
what are the gram reaction, cell shape and oxygen requirements of gas gangrene
gram positive
rod shaped
anaerobic
what are the symptoms and signs of gas gangrene
blackening of infected muscle and skin
presence of gas bubbles
what are the virulence factors of C. perfringens
-endospores survive harsh condtions
-produce II toxins:
lyse RBC, WBC
increases vascular permeability
kill cells
reduce blood pressure
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gas gangrene
d- visual exam
t- surgery and administration of antitoxin & penicillin
p- proper cleaning of wounds
what is the casual agent of small pox
variola virus
how is small pox transmitted to humans
thru respiratory tract= systemic (inhalation)
what are the signs and symptoms of small pox
rash and develops into papules, vesicles and the pustules
what are the stages of poxvirus lesions?
- macule
- papule
- vesicle
- pustule
- crust
- scar
what is the process of small pox
virus multiplies in lungs, then spreads to the live then the spleen and the rest of the body
2 weeks later there will be rashes on the skin
what are the dianosis, treatment, and prevention of small pox
d- visual exam
t- no treatment
p- vaccination
what is the causal agent of oral herpes lesions
eveloped ds linear DNA
what are the two types of herpes
herpes simplex 1- oral
herpes simple 2- genital
how is oral herpes lesions transmitted to humans
direst contact
what are the signs and symptoms of fever blisters
painful, itchy lesions
what are the sites of latency of HHSV-1 and HHSV-2
brachial ganglia
trigeminal nerve ganglia
sacral ganglial
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of herpes
d- visual exam of lesions and serological tests
t- no treatment, but it can be controlled by acyclouir ect
p- use of latex gloves, abstinence
what is the casual agent of warts
papillomavirus
how are warts transmitted in human body
contact and fomlites
what are the signs and symptoms of warts
benign growth on the epithelium on the skin and mucous mem
different kinds of warts…
seed warts- fingers/ toes
plantar- deep in soles of feet
flat- trunk, elbows
genital- external genitalia
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of warts
d- visual exam
t- removal of warts by various processes
p- sexual abstinence for genital warts
what is the casual agent of chickenpox and shingles
varicella zoster virus
how is chicken pox and shingles transmitted to humans
via inhalations (contact transmission)
what are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox and shingles
lesions on back and trunk that spread
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of chickenpox and shingles
d- visual exam of lesions
t- supportive therapy
p- vaccination (artificial active)
what is the casual agent of red measles
rubeola virus
how is red measles transmitted in humans
via inhalation
what are the signs and symptoms of red measles
total body skin rash and flu like symptoms
fever
runny nose
cough
* presence of Koplik’s spots small red spots with blue-white centers inside the mouth
what is the casual agent of German measles
rubella virus
how is german measles transmitted in humans
inhalation
what are the signs and symptoms of german measles
mild rash of pink red macules and fever
swollen lymph nodes
* mild disease in children
what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of german measles
d- visual exam and serological tests
t- supportive therapy
p- vaccination
