chapter 16 Flashcards
process of adaptive immunity
human body recognizes antigens—> body produces antibodies or Tc cells—> antibodies or Tc cells destroy deactivate the antigen.
what is adaptive immunity?
body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.
what are the attributions of adaptive immunity 1-5
specificity inducibility clonality chresponsiveness to self memory
what are the two components of the immune system
cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity
what lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity?
b-cells and helper T cells
what lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T-cells
two main types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes (B cells) T lymphocytes (T cells) ** both made in bone marrow
describe B lymphocytes
- mature in bone marrow
- found in spleen and lymph nodes
- reduce antibodies
- have BCR’s
describe T lymphocytes
- mature in thymus
- found in spleen and lymph nodes
- have TCR’s
what are the types of T lymphocytes
- cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- helper T lymphocytes
- regulatory T lymphocyte
what T cells directly kill other cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
what is the function of helper T cells
“help” regulate activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
what is the function of the regulatory cells
represses adaptive immune responses
what are the types of helper T cells
- Th0
- Th1
- Th2
when a macrophage becomes and APC it produces ________that stimulates Th cells to become_______ which is which type of immunity?
- IL 12
- Th1
- Cell-mediated
when a B cells becomes and APC it produces ________that stimulates Th cells to become _______ which is which type of immunity?
- IL 4
- Th2
- Humoral
what are the human lymphatic organs
tonsils, adenoids
lymph nodes
appendix, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels
what is the substance that stimulates an immune response when introduced into the body?
antigen
the part of the antigen that possesses antigenic determinants is called ___________
epitopes
what is an epitope
region against which the immune response is directed
-can produce T cells or antibodies
what are the 3 types of antigens
- exogenous antigens: outside the cell being engulfed by cell
- endogenous: proteins produced due to a virus produced inside
- autoantigens: normal cells, but are not recognized by our cells
describe what are antibodies
soluble proteinaceous antigen binding molecules secreted by plasma cells which are B cells
are antibodies proteins
yes
what cells produce antibodies
B cells
why are antibodies called immunoglobulins
their structure is globular and function in immune response
why are antibodies monospecific
only act on the stimulating antigen
**one antibody for every one antigen
why are antibodies bivalent
two forks
describe the structure of antibodies
Y shaped
antibodies are composed of two ____________chains and two ___________chains
- light
- heavy
how many antigenic sites are there
2
what are the functions of antibodies
- neutralization
- opsonization
- agglutination
- antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity(NK cells)
toxin/ pathogen. function blocks attachment
neutralization
antibody attaches to receptors along with the antigen is has, so the pathogen is stuck. phagocyte swallows pathogen
opsonization
antibody bind pathogen together forming a clomp. phagocyte comes and swallows clump.
agglutination
Nk cells release toxins that poke holes in the membranes and lysis the cells
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
what are the 5 classes of antibodies
- igM
- igG
- igA
- igE
- igD
smallest, long-lived, most common in blood, crosses the placenta to protect fetus, 85% blood. which class antibody is this?
igG
Largest, produced 1st in immoral immunity(5sites), complements activation, agglutination, and neutralzation, 1st produced and synthesizes the rest, short lived
igM
agglutination and neutralization (crying, milk secretions)
IgA
triggers release of histamines from basophil, mast cells
igE
unknown <1% blood. what class of antibody is this
igD
this antibody is present at high concentration in the serum is the ____________
igG= long lived antibodies
what is the major histocompatibility complex of MHC
-cell surface glycoproteins coded by a region in the DNA of human chromosome #6
what is the function of MHC
to hold and position antigenic determinate for presentation to Tcells
class 1 MHC or MHC1 binds to _______________ and is found ________________
CD8 in cytotoxic T cells
all human cells except rbcs
class 2 MHC or MHC2 binds to _________________ and is found on _______________
CD4 in helper T cells
B cells and macrophages
exogenous antigens are bound by what MHC which are contained in the __________
MHC2, golgii apparatus
what happens to the antigens during antigen presentation
they are processed for MHC proteins to display epitopes
endogenous antigens are presented by ___________
MHC1
exogenous antigens are presented by _________
MHC2
what is the function of plasma cells?
produce antibodies
what is the function of memory B cells
transform, then produce antibodies
which cells are long-lived? short-lived?
memory, active
immune response against antigens encountered in daily life.
natural acquired immunity
response to antigens introduced via a vaccine
artificial acquired immunity
active response to antigens via humoral or cell mediated responses
active immunity
passively receive antibodies from another individual
passive immunity
what are examples of natural active immunity
exposed to infection or free antigen
what are examples of natural passive immunity
vaccine with killed or attenuated pathogens or their product
what are examples of artificial active immunity
acquisition of transplacental or breast milk antibodies (flu vaccine)
what are examples of artificial passive immunity
administration of immune serum (common)
what are the 4 types of hypersensitivities (allergies)
- type 1 (igE= medicated)
- typeII : human blood cells involved
- typeIII (immune-complex mediated)
- typeIV (delayed or cell mediated)=T cells
- 1-3= humoral
what are examples of hypersensitivity type 1
urticaria (hives)
astrima
allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
anaphylactic shock (fatal in some cases)
in type II hypersensitivity cell surface __________ of RBC react with the __________causing hemolysis
antigens, antibodies
what are examples of type II hypersensitivity
hemolytic disease of neonates (Rh factors)-present in blood
transfusion reactions
what caused type III hypersensitivity
-antigen-antibody complexes persist in circulation
-complexes initate blood clotting mechanisms
A. disseminated intravascular coagulation
B. failure of vital organs
-complexes deposit in skin, joints, kidneys
A. rashes, joint pain
give examples of hypersensitivity III
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
glomernlonephritis
what are examples of hypersensitivity IV
- TB skin test
- leporsy
- leisnmaniasis
- herpes simplex
- contact dermatitis (poison ivy)
- graft rejections
