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Anatomy and Physiology 191 > Chapter 18 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine: Secrets hormones into …

A

interstitial fluid —> blood

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2
Q

Exocrine: Secrets products into …

A

ducts that carry product into body cavity

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3
Q

Upregualtion

A

target cell receptors INCREASE, making the target cell MORE sensitive to a hormone
ex. Increased oxytocin levels during labor

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4
Q

Downregulation

A

target cell receptors DECREASE, making the target cell LESS sensitive to a hormone
ex. insulin receptors downregualte in type II diabetes

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5
Q

Local Hormone types

A

Autocrine and Paracrine

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6
Q

Circulating Hormone types

A

Neurocrine and Endocrine

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7
Q

Paracrine acts on…

A

Nearby target cells

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8
Q

Autocrine acts on…

A

Its own cell

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9
Q

Neurocrine

A

Hormone released by “neurosecretory” cell

ex. antidiuretic hormone (hypothalamus and posterior pituitary)

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10
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormone released by secretory cells

ex. adrenocorocpropin (most endocrine organs)

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11
Q

Lipid-Soluable hormones

A

Steroid hormones (Cortisol), Thyroid hormones (T3, T4), Nitric Oxide

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12
Q

Water-Soluable hormones

A

Amine hormones (epinephrine), Peptide and Protein Hormones (Anti-diuretic hormone), Eicosanoids (prostaglandin)

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13
Q

Hydophobic vs Hydophillic messengers …

A

Hydophobic are secreted by diffusion and are bound to carrier proteins in blood stream; Hydrophillic are secreted by exocytosis and are dissolved in blood stream

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14
Q

Lipid-Soluable hormones…

A

1) Hormone binds to receptor 2) hormone- receptro complex binds to DNA 3) Hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor 4) up/down regualtes genes 5) change in gene expression alters cell structure and function

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15
Q

Water-Soluable hormones

A

1) Hormone (first messenger) binds to membrane bound receptor 2) Hormone binding activates second messenger inside the cell 3) Second messenger activates protein kinase 4) Protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
5) Phosphorylated proteins cause reactions which produce physiological responses

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16
Q

Action of Hormone

A 
Antagonistic effect (is opposed by another hormone) 
Permissive Effect (Requires simultaneous or recent exposure to second hormone)
Synergistic effect (is greater or more extensive when acting with a second hormone)
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17
Q

The hypothalamus controles…

A

Autonomic nervous system, Hormone production, body temp, emotion/behaviour, Eating/Drinking, Circadian Rhythm and Consciousness

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18
Q

Anterior Pituitary secrets which hormones…

A

Human growth hormone

19
Q

hGH is controlled by which hormones? What is its Function?

A

Growth hormone - releasing hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormone - inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Human growth hormone Elicits secretion and release of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

20
Q

Insulin like growth factors (IGF) are released by…

A

Skeletal muscles, bone, cartilage, live, other tissues

function: growth and maintenance , glucose metabolism (negative feedback)

21
Q

Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) - Anterior pituitary

A

Releasing hormone: Thrytropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Inhibiting hormone:
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Function: Stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (AC) - Anterior Pituitary

A

released by: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Function: Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and andorgens by adrenal cortex

23
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - Anterior pituitary

A

Released by: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Inhibited by: Prolactin - inhibiting hormone (PIH) aka dopamine
Function: Influences brain activity, darkens skin

24
Q 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Posterior Pituitary
A

Function: Decreases urine production, Increase water retention, increase blood pressure

25
Q

Synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4

A
  1. Thyroid follicular cells trap iodide ions
  2. Thyroid follicular cells synthesis TGB (Thyroglobulin)
  3. TGB released into the Lumen of the follicular cell
  4. Iodide is oxidized to iodine
  5. Iodine + TGB on tyrosine protein
  6. This collision forms, Colloid, stick material
  7. T1 and T2 are formed
  8. Coupling of T1 and T2 forms T3 and T4
  9. diffuse into blood
  10. Traveling in blood bound to thyroxinebinding globulin (TBG)
26
Q

Calcitonin

A

jh

27
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

lkj

28
Q

Calcitriol

A

lkj

29
Q

Synthesis of mineralocorticoid - aldosterone

A

lkj

30
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

zona fasciculata

  1. Cortisol
  2. Corticosterone
  3. Cortisone
31
Q

Androgens

A

Zona recticularis

  1. Dehydroepiandrosteorne (DHEA)
    - precursor to sex hormones
32
Q

Mineralcorticoid (mainly aldosterone)

A

Zona glomularis

33
Q

Adrenal medulla makes…

A

Epinephrine (80%)

norepinephrine (20%)

34
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Composed of Neurolia and pinealocytes

  • secretes melatonin
  • controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • function: sets biological clock
35
Q

stress response

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sympathetic
  3. short response (fight or flight)
  4. resistance reaction (CRH, GHRH, TRH are released to help body continue fighting the stressor)
  5. exhaustion
36
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

Increases sympathetic nervous system activity to…

  1. Effector organ (heart, blood vessels)
  2. Adrenal Medulla (hormone release – lasts 5-10 times longer than nueral stimulation)
37
Q

Resistance reaction

A

Hormone release by hypothalamus - longer Lasting response

- Cortisol, Aldosterone, T3, T4, Adipocytes

38
Q

Exhaustion

A

Depletion of resources

  • muscles wasting
  • immune suppression
  • beta cell failure
39
Q

Aging Endocrine system

Reductions

A 
hGH -- muscles atrophy 
T3, T4 -- Decreased metabolic rate, increase body fat
Calcitonin -- Osteoporosis 
Corisol, Aldosterone -- decrease 
Insulin release -- decreases
40
Q

Aging Endocrine System (Increases)

A

PTH – Osteoporosis

41
Q

Thyroid is regulated by ..

and releases…

A

TSH and blood calcium levels

and releases T3, T4 and calcitonin

42
Q

Parathyroid is regulated by… and releases…

A

Regulated by blood calcium levels

and releases PTH, triggers kidney to release calcitriol

43
Q

calcitrol vs calcitonin

A

Calcitrol increases blood calcium and is an active form of Vitamin D, Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels

Anatomy and Physiology 191 (8 decks)

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