Chapter 18 Part 2

Question 1

Glycogenic Amino Acids

Answer 1

• Arginine
• Glutamine
• Histidine
• Proline
• Isoleucine
• Methionine
• Threonine
• Valine
• Phenylalanine
• Asparagine
• Aspartate
• Alanine
• Cysteine
• Glycine
• Serine
• Tryptophan

Question 2

Ketogenic Amino Acids

Answer 2

• Isoleucine
• Leucine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Lysine
• Phenylalanine
• Tyrosine

Question 3

Name a common function in amino acid catabolism.

Answer 3

One-carbon transfers

Question 4

One-carbon transfer enzyme cofactors

Answer 4

1. Biotin
2. Tetrahydrofolate
3. S-adenosylmethionine

Question 5

Biotin Transfer

Answer 5

Transfers CO2, carbon in its most oxidized state

Question 6

Tetrahydrofolate Transfer

Answer 6

Transfers carbon in intermediate oxidized states and -CH3 groups, the most reduced state

Question 7

S-adenosylmethionine Transfer

Answer 7

Transfers -CH3 groups

Question 8

Tetrahydrofolate

Answer 8

• derivative of folate (vitamin)
• the one carbon group undergoing transfer is bonded to N-5 or N-10 and is carried as a methyl, methylene, methanol, formyl or formimino group.

Question 9

S-adenosylmethinonine

Answer 9

• preferred cofactor for biological methyl group transfers
• 1000 times more reactive then the N-5 group of tetrahydrofolate
• derived from ATP and methionine

Question 10

Six amino acids degraded to pyruvate

Answer 10

• A, C, G, S, T and W
• converted directly to pyruvate
• can then be converted to oxaloacetate or acetyl-CoA

Question 11

T and G’s conversion to pyruvate

Answer 11

facilitated by tetrahydrofolate

Question 12

Seven amino acids degraded to acetyl-CoA

Answer 12

• Portions of W, K, F, Y, L, I and T
• ketogenic amino acids
• end result of acetyl-CoA can be ketone bodies

Question 13

F and Y conversion to fumarate

Answer 13

other portions of F and Y are converted to fumarate to feed TCA or gluconeogenesis

Question 14

Five amino acids converted to α- ketoglutarate

Answer 14

• Portions of P, E, Q, R and H

- H is the only amino acid that requires a cofactor, in the final step a carbon is passed to tetrahydrofolate

Question 15

Four amino acids are converted to succinyl-CoA

Answer 15

• Portions of M, I, T and V
• ultimately produce propionyl-CoA which is converted to succinyl-CoA
• M donates its -CH3 to S-adenosylmethionine

Question 16

Propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA

Answer 16

converted via odd chain fatty acid oxidation

Question 17

Branched chain amino acids

Answer 17

• In muscle, adipose, kidney and brain L, I and V are oxidized as fuels
• aminotransferases remove the amino group and α- kept acid dehydrogenase complexes the oxidative decarboxylation and formation of acyl-CoA derivatives

Question 18

N and G converted to oxaloacetate

Answer 18

-converted to oxaloacetate and enter the citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis

Question 19

Amino acid degradation to reducing equivalents

Answer 19

the degradation of amino acids ultimately results in the generation of reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) which feed oxidative phosphorylation