Chapter 18 (part 1)

Question 1

what is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

all the endocrine cells and tissues of the body that produce hormones or paracrine factors

Question 2

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

• regulates long-term processes (growth, development, and reproduction)
• uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells
• works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

Question 3

what is the difference exocrine and endocrine cells?

Answer 3

exocrine secrete products into epithelial surfaces via ducts and the endocrine cells are ductless and release directly into the blood

Question 4

what are the four common responses of the target cell?

Answer 4

1. produce a new hormone
2. make a new enzyme (protein)
3. increases or decreases the rate at which an enzyme or protein is manufactured in cell
4. open or close a gate or channel in the membrane

Question 5

what is direct intercellular communication?

Answer 5

ions and molecules transferred between 2 adjacent cells of the same type

Question 6

what is paracrine intercellular communication?

Answer 6

THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF INTERCELLULAR

cell to cell information transfer in a single tissue

Question 7

what is endocrine intercellular communication?

Answer 7

endocrine cells release chemical (hormones into blood stream)

Question 8

what is synaptic communication?

Answer 8

occurs across synaptic clefts

Question 9

what is a hormone?

Answer 9

glands containing specialized cells that release chemical messengers

Question 10

what are the three groups of hormones?

Answer 10

1. amino acid derivatives
2. lipid derivatives
3. peptide hormones

Question 11

amino acids derivatives are made from..

Answer 11

tyrosine and tryptophan

Question 12

peptide hormones are..

Answer 12

all hormones of the hypothalamus, chains of amino acids. start as prohormones and then converted to active peptide hormones

Question 13

lipid derivatives are..

Answer 13

eicosanoids and steroid hormones, last longer because they are bound to specific transport “taxi” proteins in blood

Question 14

tyrosine makes

A.A.

Answer 14

D.E.N.T

• dopamine- happy and deals with movement
• epinephrine
• norepinephrine }catecholamines
• thyroid hormones

Question 15

tryptophan makes 
(A.A.)

Answer 15

melatonin: pineal gland
serotonin: brain and gut

Question 16

glycoproteins

P.T.

Answer 16

long chains of 200+ amino acids linked together

Question 17

short polypeptides and small proteins

P.T

Answer 17

all hormones cerated by hypothalamus, heart, digestive system, pancreas, thymus and posterior lobe of pituitary

Question 18

prostaglandins
(L.D.)
*eicosanoids

Answer 18

INFLAMMATION/ PAIN
vasodilation- is when blood vessels increase in size. prostaglandins can be converted to thromboxane causing vasoconstriction

Question 19

leukotrienes
(L.D.)
*eicosanoids

Answer 19

can trigger contractions in smooth muscles of bronchioles. overproduction is the major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis

Question 20

cortex of adrenal gland
(L.D.)
*steroids

Answer 20

salt, sugar, sex

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

Question 21

kidneys

L.D.

Answer 21

calcitriol

Question 22

reproductive organs

L.D

Answer 22

estrogens and progesterone- the ovaries

testosterone- the testes

Question 23

what are free hormones?

Answer 23

remain functional for less than an hour and diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells. broken down and absorbed by the cells of the liver and kidneys and down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluids

Question 24

what are bound hormones?

Answer 24

remain much longer because they are bound to special transport proteins (albumins)

Question 25

down regulation

Answer 25

cells decrease the number of membrane receptors, responds as if there is a low hormone concentration. signal is strong

Question 26

up regulation

Answer 26

increase of number of receptors due to the absence of a hormone. when there is a low level of a hormone, cells make a lot of receptors to detect the tiniest amount of that hormone. signal is weak

Question 27

lipid soluble steroids hormones

Answer 27

are the only messengers in their pathways and use direct gene activation.
*eicosanoids, prsotglandandins, and leukotrienes
receptors are intercellular (inside the membrane)

Question 28

water soluble non-steroid hormones

Answer 28

the first messengers and they use a second messenger system to get their message inside the cell
* peptide hormonesa and D.E.N
receptors are extracellular (outside the membrane)

Question 29

what is amplification?

Answer 29

chain reaction in the target cell exponentially increases hormone effect