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Gymnastics and tumbling > Chapter 18 ( Fertility and Assisted reproduction) > Flashcards

Chapter 18 ( Fertility and Assisted reproduction) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of cervix?

A

controls opening into uterus during pregnancy, menstruation or intercourse

Protects fetus during pregnancy

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2
Q

Function of ovary?

A

Produces female gametes ( oocytes/ ova) + site of oogenesis

produces and secretes progesterone and oestrogen

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3
Q

Function of fallopian tube?

A

Carries oocytes from ovaries towards uterus
upper fallopian tube is site of fertilisation
walls are muscular and lined with ciliated epithelium.

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4
Q

Function of uterus?

A

Site of implantation of fertilised ovum
site of embryo development during pregnancy.
lining of uterus = endometrium.
main part = myometrium

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5
Q

What is the myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle, forms placenta during pregnancy.

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6
Q

Function of vagina?

A

stimulates penis to ejaculate, provides birth canal

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7
Q

Function of vulva?

A

Protects internal parts of female reproductive system

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8
Q

Function of epididymis?

A

Coiled tube that stores sperm

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9
Q

Function of penis?

A

Penetrates vagina, releases and delivers sperm to neck of cervix.
Becomes erect due to vasodilation of blood vessels - increases volume of blood to fill erectile tissue.

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10
Q

Function of prostate gland?

A

Secretes alkaline fluid to counteract acidity of vagina

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11
Q

Function of scrotum?

A

Holds testes, maintaining a temp 2 degrees Celcius below normal core body temperature.

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12
Q

Function of seminal vesicle?

A

Secretes a fluid containing proteins and fructose to nourish sperm

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13
Q

Function of sperm duct?

A

Transfers sperm during ejaculation

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14
Q

Function of testis?

A

Produces sperm and testosterone

contain coiled seminiferous tubules that produces sperm by spermatogenesis

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15
Q

Function of urethra?

A

Transfers semen during ejaculation and urine during urination?

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16
Q

Function of erectile tissue?

A

Fills with blood, makes penis erect for copulation.

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17
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

the formation of secondary oocytes in germinal epithelial cells in ovaries.
Starts before birth, stops at menopause.

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18
Q

Phases in oogenesis?

A

Multiplication phase, growth phase, meiotic phase

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19
Q

Why might a pregnancy test kit give a negative result?

A

tested too early - hCG only produced after implantation

urine too dilute - do it first thing

hCG concentration extremely high - so many molecules that they can’t bind properly

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20
Q

Function of acrosome on spermatazoon?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes needed to penetrate granular layer + csm of oocyte.

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21
Q

Function of flagellum on spermatazoon?

A

Has arrangement of microtubules

enables motility by propulsion

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22
Q

Function of helical mitochondria in spermatazoon?

A

Has high number of mitochondria arranged in spiral surrounding flagellum.
Complete aerobic stages of respiration to produce ATP required for contraction of filaments.

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23
Q

Function of centriole in spermatazoon?

A

Positioned at base of head next to neck.

Produce microtubules to form axial filaments.

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24
Q

Function of nucleus in spermatazoon?

A

Contains haploid number of chromosomes

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25
Q

Function of zona pellucida in secondary oocyte

A

Lies inside corona radiata.
Layer of gel composed of glycoproteins
Form barrier to entry of more than one sperm.

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26
Q

Function of nucleus in secondary oocyte?

A

Contains haploid number of chromosomes

27
Q

Function of cytoplasm in secondary oocyte?

A

Contributes organelles to zygote

28
Q

Function of cortical granules in secondary oocyte?

A

Contains enzymes which are released at fertilisation

Alter structure of zona pellucida to prevent sperm penetrating.

29
Q

Function of corona radiata in secondary oocyte?

A

Release contents into oocyte extracellular fluid which prevents polyspermy by modifying the zona pellucida.

30
Q

Length of spermatazoon?

A

50 micrometres

31
Q

Length of head of spermatazoon?

A

3 micrometres wide and 4 micrometres long

32
Q

Length of middle piece of spermatazoon?

A

7 micrometres

33
Q

Length of tail piece of spermatazoon?

A

40 micrometres

34
Q

Typical size of secondary oocyte?

A

110 micrometres in diameter.

35
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The formation of gametes: oocytes and spermatids

Occurs in the gonads - ovaries and testes.

36
Q

fertilisation to implantation steps

A

copulation
capacitation process
acrosome reaction
cortical reaction

37
Q

what two cycles does the menstrual cycles consists of?

A

ovarian cycle - controls release of secondary oocytes

uterine cycle - controls development of uterus lining (endometrium)

38
Q

4 phases within the menstrual cycle?

A 
Proliferative - (day 6-12) regeneration of uterus lining 
Ovulation phase - (14) release of secondary oocyte from mature Graafian follicle into fallopian tube
secretory phase (luteal phase) - (16-28) uterus lining secretes nutrients to prepare for implantation
Menstrual phase - (1-5) lining of uterus shed if implantation doesn't occur.

Proliferative, ovulation and menstrual phase are follicular phase

39
Q

Two common reasons for cessation of menstrual cycle?

A

pregnancy (temporary)

menopause (permanent)

40
Q

hormonal control of menstrual cycle?

A

anterior p.g. secretes FSH into blood plasma –> ovaries, where it induces proliferation of granulosa cells for follicle development.

Mature follicle releases oestrogen.

Oestrogen thickens the uterus lining, inhibits further FSH secretion, stimulates sudden secretion of LH from anterior pg, on day 11.

LH causes ovulation ( release of secondary oocyte from mature Graafian follicle into fallopian tube)

LH stimulates follicle to develop into corpus leuteum,

41
Q

Causes of infertility in men?

A

Abnormal sperm due to failure to develop properly in the testes
Production of antibodies that destroy the sperm in the semen
Blockages in sperm ducts
Low sperm count.
Medicines and drugs

Damaged testicles
Sterilisation

42
Q

Causes of infertility in women?

A

Ovulatory disorders
Production of antibodies that destroy the sperm in the uterus
Blockages in fallopian tube
Scarring from surgery - damages fallopian tube
Cervical mucus defect
Medication and drugs

43
Q

Causes of infertility in females and males

A

Weight - overweight or severely underweight.
Sexually transmitted infections
Smoking
Occupational and environmental factors - exposure to certain pesticides, metals and solvents can affect fertility
Stress - contributes to loss of libido, and if severe, affects female ovulation and limits sperm production
Age - mid thirties, fertility decreases.

44
Q

How do ovulatory disorders affect fertility in females?

A
  • Failure to ovulate
    Eg, polycystic ovary syndrome
    Thyroid problems
    Premature ovarian failure (ovaries stop working before 40)
45
Q

How do blockages in fallopian tube affect fertility in females?

A

Blockages may occur due to bacterial infections or endometriosis

46
Q

How does a cervical mucus defect effect fertility in females?

A

During ovulation, the mucus in the cervix becomes thinner so sperm can swim through it more easily. If the mucus fails to thin, this can prevent fertilisation.

47
Q

How can medication and drugs affect fertility in females?

A

Some drugs can cause ovarian failure, sometimes permanent. Eg, chemotherapy.
Illegal drugs.
Some temporary.

48
Q

How can damaged testicles affect fertility in males?

A

This may occur if had any:

  • Infection of testicles
  • Testicular cancer
  • Congenital defect
49
Q

How does sterilisation affect fertility in males?

A

Vasectomy

Cutting and sealing off vas deferens so semen wont contain any sperm.

50
Q

How does medicine and drugs affect fertility in males?

A

Sulfasalazine is an anti-inflammatory medicine used to treat conditions such as Crohn’s disease. It can decrease no. sperm.
Illegal drugs
Chemotherapy, severley reduce sperm production
Some can reduce sperm mobility.

51
Q

How does a sexually transmitted disease affect fertility in both males and females?

A

Some can damage fallopian tubes in women, and cause swelling and tenderness of scrotum in men.

52
Q

Fertility treatments?

A

In vitro fertilisation
Artificial insemination
Surgical sperm retrieval
Ovulation induction

53
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

Any technique that introduces semen into a female’s uterus of cervix without sexual intercourse for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy.
Semen can be used from woman’s partner or donor

54
Q

When is the AI used?

A

When the female ovulates normally but the sperm fail to get past the cervix.

55
Q

Specialised forms of AI?

A

Intravaginal insemination
Intracervical insemination
Intrauterine insemination - Used when tubes blocked or damaged.
Sperm inserted into uterus (Requires sperm washing to prevent spasmodic uterine cramping) Risk of possible infection of uterus.

56
Q

What is surgical sperm retrieval?

A

Sperm are produced in testes but are not ejaculated in semen, so sperm are obtained from epididymis.

57
Q

What is ovulation induction?

A

Aim - to produce viable secondary oocytes to enable woman to conceive naturally.
Ovulation failure can be diagnosed by USS, MRI, hormone levels in plasma.
Most common cause - polycystic ovarian syndrome.

58
Q

Procedure of ovulation induction?

A

Woman administered anti-oestrogen for 5 days on 5th day of menstrual cycle. This increases production of GnRH.
This leads to secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary gland.
USS are used to identify if there is a developing follicle.

59
Q

What is IVF?

A

Oocytes fertilised in laboratory and resultant embryo is transferred into mother’s uterus.
Embryos can be frozen and treated later.

Modifications:

If sperm struggles to fertilise oocyte, intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection can be used. A single sperm is injected directly into oocyte.

Gamete intra-fallopian transfer can also be used. Sperm and oocytes are passed into oviduct and allowed to fertilise naturally.

60
Q

Benefits of fertility treatments?

A

Enables couples to have children
Some unused embryos can be used for research purposes
Some unused embryos can be used to provide stem cells which then can be used for research purposes/treating some genetic disorders.

61
Q

Issues with fertility treatments, affecting the blastocyst?

A
  • Some believe life begins at conception so discarding unused embryos is destruction of life.
  • Unused embryos are destroyed. Is this morally right?
62
Q

Issues with fertility treatments affecting the couple?

A

Higher risk of multiple pregnancies so psychological and physical health risk for mother / father

Financial costs for parents - treatment itself and afterwards if twins..
Low success rate can add stress for couple.

63
Q

Issues with fertility treatments affecting offspring?

A

Increased chance of medical issues, eg, premature birth, low birth weight.
Genetic defects which prevent the parents conceiving naturally are now passed to offspring

64
Q

Issues with fertility treatments affecting the community?

A

Treatments are expensive so couples are saving money for treatments and not spending in the community.
Stress may mean parents don’t work.
Community may have to cover cost of IVF.

Gymnastics and tumbling (29 decks)

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