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Massage Therapy and Advanced Bodywork > Chapter 18 Cells And tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Cells And tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another the study of anatomy can be approached in several ways

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the body and its individual parts function is normal body processes

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of the body’s internal environment remain relatively constant with a narrow range of change

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4
Q

Levels of organization

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
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5
Q

Cell

A

The cell is the smallest structural functional unit that can exist as a self-sustaining entity

75 200 trillion cells are present in the body at any given moment

Cell elements are
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and trace elements

Trace elements are calcium, iron, iodine, sodium, potassium

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6
Q

Calcium

A

Calcium is needed for blood clotting

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7
Q

Iron

A

Necessary to make hemoglobin which transports oxygen in blood

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8
Q

Iodine

A

Iodine Needed for thyroid hormones which controls or adjust metabolism

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9
Q

Water percentage of a cell

A

Water makes up 60 to 80% of all cells

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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

Facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste materials

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Provides cellular nutrition and supports organelles

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12
Q

Organelles

A

Carries out the maintenance and functions of the cell

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13
Q

Endo plasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes proteins and lipids; Metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids; regulates calcium concentration; protein transport

Roadways of the cell

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein factories

Synthesizes proteins

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15
Q

Golgi body

A

Synthesizes proteins and lipids and packages them for delivery outside the cell

Packing and shipping plants of the cell

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16
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Site of cellular respiration; provides most of the cells ATP

Power plants of the cell

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17
Q

Lysosome

A

Garbage disposals of the cells

Engulfs, destroys, and I just pathogens and cellular debris

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

Directs most metabolic activities, including growth and reproduction; contains DNA and RNA

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19
Q

“Gatekeeper “of the cell

A

Cell membrane

20
Q

Cytoplasm also known as

A

Proto plasm

Endoplasm is inside the organelle

Cytosol is outside the organelle

21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Inner membrane folded into chamber called Cristae

Cells “power plants “

Only place in the sour food molecules are combined with oxygen and digested

Provide most of the cells adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

22
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired tubular structures that help cells divide

North and South Pole

23
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA and RNA

Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes

Nucleolus resides in nucleus

24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Scaffolding material of a cell
Provides internal structure

Helps move substances across the cell membrane

Cellular extensions; microvilli, Cilia, flagella,

25
Q

Cellular processes: Passive

A

Passive processes do not require energy or activity of the cell membrane

Diffusion, Osmosis, filtration

Molecules move because of differences in concentration pressure or temperature

Differences are called gradients

26
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low

Simple- no carrier molecule

Facilitated - requires carrier molecule

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Example lump of sugar dropped into glass

27
Q

Osmosis

A

Low to high

Movement of water across the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration to equalize fluid concentration on both sides of the membrane

Selective permeable membrane

Only allows water diffusion

28
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure

Movement of water and molecules across the cell membrane due to pressure

“blood pressure quote

29
Q

Cellular processes: active

A

Transport From lower concentration to higher concentration

One. Transport by membrane pumps

Two. Transport by Vesicles

30
Q

Membrane pump

Cellular process

A

Carrier molecules that are located within the cell membrane

Muscle cells use calcium pumps

Nerve cells use salt in potassium pumps

Pump mechanisms require ATP

Energy released during the breakdown of ATP is transferred to the pump

31
Q

Transport by vesicle

A

Exocytosis
Involves moving substances outside the cell

Endocytosis
Moving substances inside the cell

  • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

A piece of the cell membrane is wrapped around large molecules and are drawn inside the cell

Vesicle fuses with a lysosome coats the large molecule with digestive enzymes and digests it

Killing a large molecule usually a pathogen

Digested products are released via exocytosis

33
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

Targeted substance is liquid

Pinocytosis cells are more common than phagocytic cells

34
Q

Tissues

Four principal types

A

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscular tissue

Nervous tissue

35
Q

Cellular

A

Sum total of all physicalAnd chemical processes that occur in an organism

Overall rate at which reactions use energy

Exercise elevated body temperature, or mono activity, digestion and pregnancy all increase rate you

Baseline rate or basal rate

36
Q

Anabolism

A
  1. Constructive phase
  2. Small, simpler molecules are built up into large molecules
  3. Amino acids combining to form proteins
37
Q

Catabolism

A
  1. Destructive phase of metabolism
  2. Larger, complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules
  3. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose
38
Q

Embryonic tissue layers

A
  1. Ectoderm; outer most
  2. Mesoderm; middle
  3. Endoderm; innermost
39
Q

Tissue – interstitial fluid

A

Found an extra cellular spaces between tissues

Primarily water and contain substances salts, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones, Nero transmitters,

Based sales and provide transport medium for nutrients, gases, and Waze

More abundant and then plasma or lymph

40
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines or covers external and internal body structures, lines open and closed body cavities

Closely packed cells in one or more layers. High rate of cell division, regenerates quickly

Bound to underlying tissues by “basement membrane “

Provides; protection, Absorption, secretion, excretion, and sensation

Endothelium – covers internal services of blood and lymph Fattic vessels

Glandular epithelium – found an endocrine and exocrine glands

41
Q

Connective tissue

A

Four types; fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood

Most abundant tissue in the body

Connects, supports, transports, and defense

Forms framework for organs and glands and for body as a whole

Consist of protein fibers scattered in a matrix; elastin, collagen, and reticular

42
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

4 types

A
  1. Loose – most widely distributed type, elastic glue, connects adjacent structures and permits movement
    Helps organs and muscles slide with no friction
  2. Adipose- fat; serves as storage, insulation, protection
  3. Reticular - supportive framework for bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes and organs
  4. Dense - compact, strong bundle of fibers
    - regular: parallel rose, elastic, great tensile strength in two directions
    - irregular: Interwoven fibers; strong, thick sheet of connective tissue, resist pulling in multiple directions; deep fascial sheath, dermal layer, periosteal sheath
43
Q

Bone

A

Osseous tissue

Hardest type,

Skeletal system, support, protection, muscle attachment sites, store minerals and fat, produce blood cells,

Compact and spongy

44
Q

Cartilage

3 types

A

Hyaline cartilage Dash most prevalent; articulating cartilage, costals , trachea

Fibrocartilage- strongest; Intervertebral disc’s, meniscus of the knee

Elastic cartilage - softest, pliable; ears, nose, lyrics

Cartilage is a strong connective tissue with stands repeated stress

Avascular - Minimal healing (low blood flow)

45
Q

Blood

A

Liquid connective tissue

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

46
Q

Muscle tissue

Three types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
47
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary

Attached to bones most abundant

Long, cylindrical threadlike

Nuclei are peripherally located

Contains bands, giving striated or striped appearance

Massage Therapy and Advanced Bodywork (11 decks)

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