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Chapter 18 Flashcards

(26 cards)

0
Q

How is the rate of chemical change expressed?

A

Amount of reactant changing per unit time

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1
Q

Rate

A

Measure of speed of any change that occurs within an interval of time

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2
Q

Collision theory

A

Atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide, provided that the particles have enough kinetic energy and correct orientation

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3
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react

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4
Q

Activated complex

A

Unstable arrangement of atoms that forms momentarily at the peak of the activation-energy barrier

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5
Q

Transition state

A

Another name for activated complex

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6
Q

What four factors influence the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

Temperature, concentration, particle size, use of a catalyst

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7
Q

Inhibitor

A

Substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst

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8
Q

Reversible reaction

A

Reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously

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9
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

A state of balance in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal; no net change in the amount of reactants and products occurs in the chemical system

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10
Q

How do the amounts of reactants and products change in a chemical system at equilibrium?

A

No net change occurs in the actual amounts of components of the system

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11
Q

Equilibrium position

A

Relative concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium; indicates whether the reactants or products are favored in the reversible reaction

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12
Q

Le Châtelier’s principle

A

If a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes in a way the relieves the stress

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13
Q

What three stresses can cause a change in the equilibrium position of a chemical system?

A

Changes in the concentration of reactants or products, changes in temperature, and changes in pressure

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14
Q

Equilibrium constant (Keq)

A

The ration of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that substance in the balanced chemical equation

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15
Q

What does the value of Keq indicate about the equilibrium position of a reaction?

A

A value of Keq greater than 1 means that products are favored over reactants; a value of Keq less than 1 means that reactants are favored over products

16
Q

Free energy

A

The energy available to do work

17
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

Reaction that favors the formation of products at specified conditions

18
Q

What are two characteristics of spontaneous reactions?

A

Produce substantial amounts of products at equilibrium and release free energy

19
Q

Nonspontaneous reaction

A

Reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the specified conditions

20
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of the disorder of a system

21
Q

Law of disorder

A

The natural tendency is for systems to move in the direction of maximum disorder or randomness

22
Q

What part does entropy play in chemical reactions

A

An increase in entropy favors the spontaneous chemical reaction; decrease favors the nonspontaneous reaction

23
Q

What two factors determine the spontaneity of a reaction?

A

The size and direction of enthalpy changes and entropy changes together determine whether a reaction is spontaneous

24
Gibbs free-energy change
The maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process to do useful work
25
Is the Gibbs free-energy change positive or negative in a spontaneous process?
Numerical value of G is negative in spontaneous processes because because the system loses free energy