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Chemistry Honors > Chapter 15 Cards > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Cards Flashcards

1
Q

surface tension

A

inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid; causes the surface to behave like a thin skin

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2
Q

aqueous solution

A

water that contains dissolved substances

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3
Q

Brownian motion

A

chaotic movement of colloidal particles, caused by collision with particles of the solvent in which they are dispersed

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4
Q

colloid

A

mixture whose particles are intermediate in size between those of a suspension and a solute solution

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5
Q

electrolyte

A

compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in the molten state; all ionic compounds are electrolytes, but most covalent compounds are not

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6
Q

hydrate

A

compound that has a specific number of water molecules bound to each formula unit

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7
Q

emulsion

A

colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another

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8
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

compound that does not conduct an electric current in aqueous solution or in the molten state

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8
Q

solute

A

dissolved particles in a solution

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9
Q

solvation

A

process that occurs when an ionic substance dissolves; in solution, solvent molecules surround positive and negative ions

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10
Q

solvent

A

dissolving medium in a solution

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11
Q

strong electrolyte

A

solution in which a large portion of the solute exists as ions

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12
Q

surfactant

A

substance that interferes with hydrogen bonding between water molecules and thereby reduces surface tension; ex. soaps and detergents

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13
Q

suspension

A

mixture from which some of the particles settle out slowly upon standing

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13
Q

Tyndall effect

A

scattering of light by particles in a colloid or suspension, which causes a beam of light to become visible

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14
Q

weak electrolyte

A

a solution that conducts electricity poorly because only a fraction of the solute exists as ions

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15
Q

What are some factors that determine how fast a substance will dissolve?

A

Stirring (agitation), temperature, and surface area of dissolving particles

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16
Q

What factor that determines whether a substance will dissolve?

A

compositions of the solute and solvent

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16
Q

Why does stirring cause a solute to dissolve faster?

A

Fresh solvent is continually brought into contact with surface of solute

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17
Q

Does agitation affect the amount of solute that will dissolve?

A

No

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18
Q

How do higher temperatures increase the rate at which a solute dissolves?

A

At higher temperatures, kinetic energy of solvent molecules is greater, which leads to an increase in the frequency and force of collisions

19
Q

Why does granulated sugar dissolve faster than a sugar cube?

A

Smaller particles in granulated sugar expose much greater surface area to the colliding water molecules

20
Q

Under what condition will the dynamic equilibrium the exists between a saturated solution and the undissolved solute remain constant?

A

Constant temperature

21
Q

How is solubility expressed?

A

Grams of solute per 100 g of solvent

22
Q

Partially miscible

A

Describes liquids that are slightly soluble in each other

23
Q

What factors determine the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent?

A

Temperature affects solid, liquid, and gaseous solutes. Pressure also affects solubility of gaseous solutes

24
Q

What is thermal pollution?

A

When the increase in temperature of a body of water (caused by the dumping of heated water) lowers the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the body of water

25
Q

What effect does dilution have on the total moles of solute in solution?

A

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume, but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

26
Q

What are two ways to express the percent concentration of a solution?

A

Percent by volume or by mass

27
Q

The terms ‘concentrated’ and ‘dilute’ are only _____ descriptions of the amount of a solute in solution.

A

Qualitative

27
Q

The terms ‘concentrated’ and ‘dilute’ are only _____ descriptions of the amount of a solute in solution.

A

Qualitative

28
Q

Molarity is also known as ______ _______

A

Molar concentration

29
Q

boiling-point elevation

A

the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent

30
Q

concentrated solution

A

a solution containing a large amount of solute

31
Q

concentrated solution

A

a solution containing a large amount of solute

32
Q

What are three colligative properties of solutions?

A

Vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression

33
Q

The ________ in a solution’s vapor pressure is proportional to the number of particles the solute makes in solution.

A

decrease

34
Q

dilute solution

A

a solution that contains a small amount of solute

34
Q

concentration

A

a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent; usually expressed as mol/ L

35
Q

concentration

A

a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent; usually expressed as mol/ L

37
Q

colligative property

A

a property of a solution that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identities

39
Q

freezing-point depression

A

the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent

40
Q

immiscible

A

describes liquids that are insoluble in one another; oil and water are immiscible

40
Q

immiscible

A

describes liquids that are insoluble in one another; oil and water are immiscible

42
Q

unsaturated solution

A

a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure

43
Q

unsaturated solution

A

a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure

45
Q

saturated solution

A

a solution containing the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure; an equilibrium exists between undissolved solute and ions in solution

47
Q

molal boiling-point elevation constant Kb

A

the change in boiling point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute

48
Q

molal boiling-point elevation constant Kb

A

the change in boiling point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute

50
Q

mole fraction

A

the ratio of the moles of solute in solution to the total number of moles of both solvent and solute

51
Q

supersaturated solution

A

a solution that contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature; excess solute precipitates if a seed crystal is added

Chemistry Honors (5 decks)

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