chapter 18 Flashcards
chapter 18 review questions
What is a group?
A group has 2 or more people in it. Individuals in a group influence each other and members in a group have a common purpose and there must be interaction
Reward power
ability to provide a desired response
e.g a teacher allowing students to
leave early
Coercive power
ability to provide a unpleasant response
e.g a teacher detaining students
Information power
Having knowledge other people desire
e.g secretly knows where all the information is filled
Legitimate power
power role/position that is given by a
higher authority e.g police officer or sports coach
Expert power
power due to skills and depth of knowledge
e.g doctor or motor mechanic
Referent power
power from others desire to relate to the person e.g admired sports star or a friend
democratic
negotiation/Say by people
authoritarian
leader makes all the designs +control the behaviour
laisse-faire
takes no part in ( group work and set proceeders)
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment IV
conditions of the participants (“prisoners”,”guards”).
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment DV
resulting behaviour
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment method
give people the roles of a guard or prison for the extent of 2 weeks to see how they act in this setting giving the guards power and there for the prisoners a lack of power
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment results
people will conform to there social roles and it will change or effect there behaviour, swell as the experiment was cut short to 6 days because of the amount of abuse the prisoners were receiving
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment Criticism
the violation of the no harm principle as well as the violation of the of the withdrawal right
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment Ethical issues
the emotional and physical abuse of the prisoners
Milgrim’s experiment aim
discover wether participants would obey an authority figure and carry out actions that caused server pain to another
Milgrim’s experiment results
all 40 participants obeyed up to the 300 volt level, also people are more likely to follow the orders of an authority figure
Milgrim’s experiment ethical issues
No harm principle, withdrawal rights and Deception
Asch’s experiment aim
To investigate the extent to which an
individual within a group will conform to the majority opinion
Asch’s experiment method
- participant were told it was a
visual illusion test
2.participants where placed into
groups of 7 to 9 planted actors
3.the participant was always second
last in the group to give an opinion
4.group was shown a card and asked
“Which line on card B is in closest length to the line on card A?”
5.in 12 of the 18 tribes the confederates
all gave the same wrong answer;
in the other 6 trials they gave the right answers
Asch’s experiment results
In 12 out of the 18 trails the participants
confounded with the other group members
and gave the wrong answers
What is a meta analysis?
Research that examines the results
of the studies an combined all findings
to develop a conclusion
Milgrim’s experiment method
They drew straws to determine their roles –
learner or teacher – although this was fixed
and the confederate was always the learner.There was also an “experimenter” played by an actor. Two rooms were used one for the learner was in the electric chair
and the other room was for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.The “L” was strapped to a chair with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the “T” tests him by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner/pair from a list of four possible choices.The teacher
is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. There were 30 switches on the shock generator marked rom 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger – severe shock).
The learner gave mainly wrong answers(on purpose), and for each of these, the teacher gave him an electric shock. When the teacher refused to administer a shock, the experimenter was to give a series of orders/prods to ensure they
continued .There were four prods and if one was not obeyed, then the experimenter read out the next prod, and so on.
Prod 1: Please continue.
Prod 2:The experiment requires you to continue.
Prod 3: It is absolutely essential that you continue.
Prod 4: You have no other choice but to continue.
Asch’s experiment conclusion
He condoled that participants conformed for 2 main reasons. 1. They want to feel like the belong in the group and 2. They believed that the other group members were better informed the them
Factors affecting conformity with
normative influence
Normativesocialinfluenceis a type of social influencethat leads to conformity. It isdefinedin social psychology as “theinfluenceof other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them.” Social norms refers to the unwritten rules that govern social behaviour.
Factors affecting conformity with culture
Some coulters are more likely to conform
that others asians are more likely to
conform than Americans
Factors affecting conformity with
informational influence
is conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others
Factors affecting conformity with group size
The more people in the group the more
likely people will conform with a majority
of the group
Factors affecting conformity with unanimity
Unanimityrefers to the extent that members
of a majority agree with one another,
and was identified by Asch as a variable
that affectsconformity.
Factors affecting conformity with social loafing
Social loafingin psychology is the term
used to describe the reduction of effort
an individual puts in when he is part of a
team doing the same job. People will conform because it requires less effort
Factors affecting conformity with
deindividuation
Deindividuationis a term used to
describe a temporary situation in
which an individual loses his sense
of identity and therefore responsibility.
People in large crowds or gangs can
becomedeindividuatedwhen they
feel that they have become anonymous
and that their behaviour as an individual
is not being observed. Are more likely to
conform in this situation.
Give examples of deindividuation.
The Zimbardo experiment where
the made the guards wear sunglasses
it deindividuation them
peer pressure
Isthe direct influence on people bypeers,
or the effect on an individualist who gets
encouraged to follow theirpeers by changing their attitudes, values or behaviours to conform to those of the influencing group or individual.
status
is a position in a social system occupied
peer influence
influence on people bypeers, to change
there minds it is very close to peer presser
Describe the characteristics of a group
Two or more people, a common goal,
interactions and independent, collective
identity, a stable structure
social influence
Social influenceis the change in behaviour that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to other people and society in general. Three areas ofsocial influenceare conformity, compliance and obedience.
power
A person is said to have power another if there is a reasonable expectation that the second person will behave in the way they desire, even agars the persons wishes
