chapter 18

Question 1

What is a group?

Answer 1

A group has 2 or more people in it. 
Individuals in a group influence each
other and members in a group have a 
common purpose and there must 
be interaction


Question 2

Reward power

Answer 2

ability to provide a desired response
e.g a teacher allowing students to
leave early

Question 3

Coercive power

Answer 3

ability to provide a unpleasant response

e.g a teacher detaining students

Question 4

Information power

Answer 4

Having knowledge other people desire

e.g secretly knows where all the information is filled

Question 5

Legitimate power

Answer 5

power role/position that is given by a

higher authority e.g police officer or sports coach

Question 6

Expert power

Answer 6

power due to skills and depth of knowledge

e.g doctor or motor mechanic 


Question 7

Referent power

Answer 7

power from others desire to relate to the person e.g admired sports star or a friend

Question 8

democratic

Answer 8

negotiation/Say by people

Question 9

authoritarian

Answer 9

leader makes all the designs +control the behaviour

Question 10

laisse-faire

Answer 10

takes no part in ( group work and set proceeders)

Question 11

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment IV

Answer 11

conditions of the participants (“prisoners”,”guards”).

Question 12

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment DV

Answer 12

resulting behaviour

Question 13

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment method

Answer 13

give people the roles of a guard or prison for the extent of 2 weeks to see how they act in this setting giving the guards power and there for the prisoners a lack of power

Question 14

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment results

Answer 14

people will conform to there social roles and it will change or effect there behaviour, swell as the experiment was cut short to 6 days because of the amount of abuse the prisoners were receiving

Question 15

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment Criticism

Answer 15

the violation of the no harm principle as well as the violation of the of the withdrawal right

Question 16

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment Ethical issues

Answer 16

the emotional and physical abuse of the prisoners

Question 17

Milgrim’s experiment aim

Answer 17

discover wether participants would obey an authority figure and carry out actions that caused server pain to another

Question 18

Milgrim’s experiment results

Answer 18

all 40 participants obeyed up to the 300 volt level, also people are more likely to follow the orders of an authority figure

Question 19

Milgrim’s experiment ethical issues

Answer 19

No harm principle, withdrawal rights and Deception

Question 20

Asch’s experiment aim

Answer 20

To investigate the extent to which an

individual within a group will conform to the majority opinion

Question 21

Asch’s experiment method

Answer 21

1. participant were told it was a
   visual illusion test
   2.participants where placed into
   groups of 7 to 9 planted actors
   3.the participant was always second
   last in the group to give an opinion
   4.group was shown a card and asked
   “Which line on card B is in closest length to the line on card A?”
   5.in 12 of the 18 tribes the confederates
   all gave the same wrong answer;
   in the other 6 trials they gave the right answers

Question 22

Asch’s experiment results

Answer 22

In 12 out of the 18 trails the participants
confounded with the other group members
and gave the wrong answers

Question 23

What is a meta analysis?

Answer 23

Research that examines the results
of the studies an combined all findings
to develop a conclusion

Question 24

Milgrim’s experiment method

Answer 24

They drew straws to determine their roles –
learner or teacher – although this was fixed
and the confederate was always the learner.There was also an “experimenter” played by an actor. Two rooms were used one for the learner was in the electric chair
and the other room was for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.The “L” was strapped to a chair with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the “T” tests him by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner/pair from a list of four possible choices.The teacher
is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. There were 30 switches on the shock generator marked rom 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger – severe shock).
The learner gave mainly wrong answers(on purpose), and for each of these, the teacher gave him an electric shock. When the teacher refused to administer a shock, the experimenter was to give a series of orders/prods to ensure they
continued .There were four prods and if one was not obeyed, then the experimenter read out the next prod, and so on.
Prod 1: Please continue.
Prod 2:The experiment requires you to continue.
Prod 3: It is absolutely essential that you continue.
Prod 4: You have no other choice but to continue.

Question 25

Asch’s experiment conclusion

Answer 25

He condoled that participants 
conformed for 2 main reasons. 1.
They want to feel like the belong in
 the group and 2. They believed that 
the other group members were better
 informed the them

Question 26

Factors affecting conformity with

normative influence

Answer 26

Normativesocialinfluenceis a type 
of social influencethat leads to conformity.
 It isdefinedin social psychology as 
“theinfluenceof other people that
 leads us to conform in order to be 
liked and accepted by them.” Social 
norms refers to the unwritten rules that 
govern social behaviour.

Question 27

Factors affecting conformity with culture

Answer 27

Some coulters are more likely to conform
that others asians are more likely to
conform than Americans

Question 28

Factors affecting conformity with

informational influence

Answer 28

is conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others

Question 29

Factors affecting conformity with group size

Answer 29

The more people in the group the more
likely people will conform with a majority
of the group

Question 30

Factors affecting conformity with unanimity

Answer 30

Unanimityrefers to the extent that members
of a majority agree with one another,
and was identified by Asch as a variable
that affectsconformity.

Question 31

Factors affecting conformity with social loafing

Answer 31

Social loafingin psychology is the term
used to describe the reduction of effort
an individual puts in when he is part of a
team doing the same job. People will conform because it requires less effort

Question 32

Factors affecting conformity with

deindividuation

Answer 32

Deindividuationis a term used to
describe a temporary situation in
which an individual loses his sense
of identity and therefore responsibility.
People in large crowds or gangs can
becomedeindividuatedwhen they
feel that they have become anonymous
and that their behaviour as an individual
is not being observed. Are more likely to
conform in this situation.

Question 33

Give examples of deindividuation.

Answer 33

The Zimbardo experiment where
the made the guards wear sunglasses
it deindividuation them

Question 34

peer pressure

Answer 34

Isthe direct influence on people bypeers,
or the effect on an individualist who gets
encouraged to follow theirpeers by changing their attitudes, values or behaviours to conform to those of the influencing group or individual.

Question 35

status

Answer 35

is a position in a social system occupied

Question 36

peer influence

Answer 36

influence on people bypeers, to change

there minds it is very close to peer presser

Question 37

Describe the characteristics of a group

Answer 37

Two or more people, a common goal,
interactions and independent, collective
identity, a stable structure

Question 38

social influence

Answer 38

Social influenceis the change in behaviour that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to other people and society in general. Three areas ofsocial influenceare conformity, compliance and obedience.

Question 39

power

Answer 39

A person is said to have power
another if there is a reasonable 
expectation that the second person 
will behave in the way they desire, 
even agars the persons wishes