Chapter 18 Flashcards
Who was the chief editor of the “Encyclopedia” (published 1751-1772)?
Denis Diderot
What did deists believe?
That God exists but does not directly intercede in the functioning of the universe
Voltaire’s “Philosophical Dictionary” (1764) attacked most of the claims of…….
Organized Christianity
What was the Enlightenment attitude toward slavery?
Many (some) Enlightenment thinkers denounced slavery as an infringement of natural human rights
Who or what did Adam Smith argue would advance social interests?
Market forces and individual self-interest
By the late eighteenth century, aristocratic privileges were
Mostly being reassert end by elites
Which of the following characterized the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
The prolific production of light, clear, and emotionally profound works
What were the general trends in reading and publishing during the Enlightenment?
Interest in reading among the middle classes fueled a sharp increase in publication
The success of Josiah Wedgewood’s domestic crockery was an indication of which of the following?
The growth of a mass market that reflected aristocratic tastes
How did attitudes toward children change among the elite classes during the age of the Enlightenment?
Children were no longer considered miniature adults, and books about and for children became popular
Which of the following correctly characterizes wars during the eighteenth century?
Wars were fought by professional armies according to more cautious and calculating strategies
What began the Seven Years’ War?
Prussia’s attack on Austria’s ally Saxony
What happened to the Prussian military system after the Seven Years’ War?
It grew dramatically and Prussian power expanded considerably
Which powers divided up Poland-Lithuania in 1772?
Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Who pushed the principle of religious toleration further than anyone else?
Joseph II of Austria
Why did the food supply become the focus of political and social conflict in the last half of the eighteenth century?
Grain prices rose with market demand, and peasants resented the sale of grain to the highest bidder?
Relative to their fellow subjects back in Enhland, American colonists were
Undertaxed
Who were the philosophes?
Writers of the Enlightenment who, disregarding abstract philosophical theories, dedicated themselves to solving the real problems of the world
What does “republic of letter” refer to?
Philosophies united in a cosmopolitan community that transcended national boundaries and that was dedicated to intellectual pursuits and the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom
In a very popular book published by the abbé Guillaume Raynal in 1770, Raynal and his collaborators
Denounced the slave trade
“Laissez-faire” refers to an economic theory…
That argues that the economy should be freed from government intervention and control
What argument did Jean-Jacques Rousseau make in his book “The Social Contract”?
Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the good of the community
What was the German writer Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe best known for?
He published a novel glorifying emotion and romanticism
Freemasonry offers evidence for what social and cultural trend?
The systematic spread of Enlightenment values across all social classes
