Chapter 18

Question 1

Who was the chief editor of the “Encyclopedia” (published 1751-1772)?

Answer 1

Denis Diderot

Question 2

What did deists believe?

Answer 2

That God exists but does not directly intercede in the functioning of the universe

Question 3

Voltaire’s “Philosophical Dictionary” (1764) attacked most of the claims of…….

Answer 3

Organized Christianity

Question 4

What was the Enlightenment attitude toward slavery?

Answer 4

Many (some) Enlightenment thinkers denounced slavery as an infringement of natural human rights

Question 5

Who or what did Adam Smith argue would advance social interests?

Answer 5

Market forces and individual self-interest

Question 6

By the late eighteenth century, aristocratic privileges were

Answer 6

Mostly being reassert end by elites

Question 7

Which of the following characterized the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?

Answer 7

The prolific production of light, clear, and emotionally profound works

Question 8

What were the general trends in reading and publishing during the Enlightenment?

Answer 8

Interest in reading among the middle classes fueled a sharp increase in publication

Question 9

The success of Josiah Wedgewood’s domestic crockery was an indication of which of the following?

Answer 9

The growth of a mass market that reflected aristocratic tastes

Question 10

How did attitudes toward children change among the elite classes during the age of the Enlightenment?

Answer 10

Children were no longer considered miniature adults, and books about and for children became popular

Question 11

Which of the following correctly characterizes wars during the eighteenth century?

Answer 11

Wars were fought by professional armies according to more cautious and calculating strategies

Question 12

What began the Seven Years’ War?

Answer 12

Prussia’s attack on Austria’s ally Saxony

Question 13

What happened to the Prussian military system after the Seven Years’ War?

Answer 13

It grew dramatically and Prussian power expanded considerably

Question 14

Which powers divided up Poland-Lithuania in 1772?

Answer 14

Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Question 15

Who pushed the principle of religious toleration further than anyone else?

Answer 15

Joseph II of Austria

Question 16

Why did the food supply become the focus of political and social conflict in the last half of the eighteenth century?

Answer 16

Grain prices rose with market demand, and peasants resented the sale of grain to the highest bidder?

Question 17

Relative to their fellow subjects back in Enhland, American colonists were

Answer 17

Undertaxed

Question 18

Who were the philosophes?

Answer 18

Writers of the Enlightenment who, disregarding abstract philosophical theories, dedicated themselves to solving the real problems of the world

Question 19

What does “republic of letter” refer to?

Answer 19

Philosophies united in a cosmopolitan community that transcended national boundaries and that was dedicated to intellectual pursuits and the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom

Question 20

In a very popular book published by the abbé Guillaume Raynal in 1770, Raynal and his collaborators

Answer 20

Denounced the slave trade

Question 21

“Laissez-faire” refers to an economic theory…

Answer 21

That argues that the economy should be freed from government intervention and control

Question 22

What argument did Jean-Jacques Rousseau make in his book “The Social Contract”?

Answer 22

Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the good of the community

Question 23

What was the German writer Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe best known for?

Answer 23

He published a novel glorifying emotion and romanticism

Question 24

Freemasonry offers evidence for what social and cultural trend?

Answer 24

The systematic spread of Enlightenment values across all social classes

Question 25

What was the name of the new artistic and architectural style that featured an emphasis on Ancient Greek and Roman styles?

Answer 25

Neoclassicism

Question 26

What dramatic change in sexual mores occurred in the last half of the eighteenth century?

Answer 26

The out-of-wedlock birth rate rose from less than 5% of all births in the 17th century to nearly 20% by the end of the 18th century.

Question 27

Enlightenment ideas and absolutism…

Answer 27

Were often combined by “enlightened despots” who introduced Enlightenment reforms while retaining their absolutist powers

Question 28

The American War of Independence was

Answer 28

Born of a common Atlantic culture of Enlightenment ideas and a belief in traditional British liberties

Question 29

American colonial resistance to British rule was largely driven by which of the following?

Answer 29

The imposition of new taxes

Question 30

In what way did the American Declaration of Independence reflect Enlightenment values?

Answer 30

It was couched in the language of universal human rights

Question 31

What was a critical European consequence of the American Revolution?

Answer 31

France incurred overwhelming debt