Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Which nation/ruler began the first phase of European overseas exploration?

A

Portugal and Prince Henry the Navigator

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2
Q

What were the results of the first phase of European overseas expansion?

A

Portugal established forts along the West African coast; Portuguese ships reached Lisbon, India (spice center); dies covered porcelain/China; brought attention of rest of the world in maritime exploration

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3
Q

Why did the Spanish and Portuguese take a sudden interest in overseas maritime expeditions in the fifteenth century?

A

They sought to gain control of the spice trade and use its profits in the war against Islam

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4
Q

How did changes in technology or other developments impact overseas maritime expeditions?

A

Sailors, astronomers, and cartographers compiled better tide calendars and books of sailing directions. This let sailors travel farther and reduced dangers of sea travel.

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5
Q

What was a caravel?

A

Late 1400s development
65-foot, easily maneuvered, three-masted ship
Used triangular lateen sails that let the ship tack against headwinds

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6
Q

Where did religion fit in explorations?

A

One of the main goals of overseas exploration was to spread Christianity/Catholicism. The expansion of these religions caused movements and reformations to break out across Europe.

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7
Q

Describe the institution of slavery in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

A

Slavery flourished in parts if the world; some slaves captured in war or by piracy, others(africans) were sold by Africans or bedouins to Christian buyers; poor families sold children into service; slaves could be Greek, Slav, European, African, or Turkish; Africans and Slavs were majority of slave population

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8
Q

How did slavery change as a result of European overseas explorations?

A

Explorers would trade “pieces”(slaves) for gold and spices; slave movement grew as transportation and sales between nations became easier; slave trade profits brought wealth to Portugual; slavery expanded enormously in America in centuries after

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9
Q

What factors contributed to the success of Hernán Cortés (1485-1547), who was sent by the Spanish crown to the Americas in search of gold?

A

The Native’s believed him to be an ancient God returning to reclaim his kingdom, he had an army, natives that hated Aztecs joined his army to fight them,

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10
Q

Why did the Spanish and Portuguese increasingly rely on dark-skinned Africans to serve as slaves in their colonies in the Atlantic and the New World by the sixteenth century? (As opposed to enslaved Amerindians)

A

It was believed that the Africans were constitutionally more suitable for labor than native Americans and should therefore be imported to the plantations to relieve the indigenous people. Thought that the Africans were dispensable and the Amerindians and colonists were too valuable to die at work

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11
Q

Why did the French attempt to establish colonies in what eventually became Canada?

A

They were in search of a “northwest passage” to China

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12
Q

To what did the Colombian exchange refer?

A

The movement of peoples, animals, plants, manufactured goods, precious metals, and diseases between Europe, the New World, and Africa

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13
Q

Why did the invention of the printing press potentially challenge political and religious authorities?

A

Printed books and pamphlets would create a wide community of scholars no longer dependent on personal patronage or church sponsorship for texts. Printing encouraged free expression and the exchange of ideas.

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14
Q

Which European explorer conquered the highlands of Peru, adding it to the Spanish Empire in the 1530s?

A

Francisco Pizarro

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15
Q

What did Erasimus claim/argue in his “Handbook of the Militant Christian(1503)”
What did he examine in The Praise of His Folly?

A

Charity and good works, not empty ceremonies, would mark true religion and in which learning and piety would dispel the darkness of ignorance. In favor of education and simple piety
In “Praise of his Folly”, he examined true Christian virtues and lampooned the unchristian values like greed and lust for power

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16
Q

What did Martin Luther challenge in 1517 when he wrote ninety-five theses or questions for debate?

A

The sales of indulgences and the purchase of church offices

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17
Q

In “Freedom of a Christian” (1520), Martin Luther argued that….

A

Faith, not good works, saved sinners from damnation

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18
Q

What did Luther mean by the “priesthood of all believers”?

A

Bible provided all the teachings necessary for for Christian living and that a professional caste of clerics should not hold sway over laypeople

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19
Q

The Evangelicals who supported Luther’s call for reform in the church included which social groups, primarily?

A

The middle class. Artisans

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20
Q

Who or what helped to spread the ideas of the Lutheran Reformation?

A

The printing press

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21
Q

Why did Luther escape the fate of Jan Hus, even though Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms?

A

Luther was protected by a lord, Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony

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22
Q

On what topic did Zwingli (1484-1531) and Luther (1483-1546) differ?

A

The question of the Eucharist

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23
Q

On October 18, 1534, what act of Protestant provocation unleashed persecution by Parisian Catholics of all Protestants and religious dissidents?

A

“Affair of the Placards”

Parisians found their church doors posted with crude broadsheets(smuggled into France from Protestant and French-speaking parts of Switzerland) denouncing Catholic Mass

24
Q

At the center of his theology, Calvin placed the doctrine of predestination. What did he mean by that term? Explain his understanding of this doctrine.

A

He meant that God had ordained every man, woman, and child to salvation or damnation-even before the creation of the world.
His understanding was that God saved only the “elect”, believed his doctrine was non-negotiable

Predestination could terrify but it could also embolden

25
Q

Describe the contents of John Calvin’s “Institutes of the Christian Religion”(1536)

A

Doctrines, organization, history, and practices of Christianity in a systematic, legal, and coherent manner

If God is almighty and humans cannot earn their salvation by good works, then no Christian can be certain of salvation

26
Q

Why did Henry VIII take the first steps that would ultimately result in severing the English church’s ties with Rome in 1527?

A

He wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, but Roman Catholics would not annul the marriage so he severed ties between the English church and Rome and made himself the Head of the Church of England

27
Q

How was the severing of England from the Roman Catholic Church a reversal of Henry VIII’s previous beliefs?

A

Henry VIII originally opposed the Protestant Reformation, and even received the title “Defender of the Faith” from Pope Leo X. He vigorously suppressed Protestantism and executed its leaders

28
Q

What was the most important thing of the Protestant Reformation in Engkand?

A

They did it backwards. Their ruler, Henry VIII, made the change and then the people followed

29
Q

What legislation passed by Parliament in 1534 made Henry VIII head of the Church of England?

A

The Act of Supremacy of 1534

30
Q

How did Martin Luther respond to the German Peasants’ War? Why?

A

He considered Münzer’s mixing of religion and politics the greatest danger to the Reformation, nothing less than “the devil’s work”. He thought this way because the Peasant’s War split the reform movement

31
Q

What precedent was set by Luther’s position during the Peasants’ War of 1525, as well as by his subsequent teachings? Why did he take this position?

A

The Lutheran church depended on established political authority for its protection. Luther had tried to mediate the conflict, but he believed that God ordained rulers, who must therefore be obeyed even if they were tyrants

32
Q

How did Luther fundamentally change medieval church practices toward the scriptures?

A

Luther’s bible was printed in several thousand copies, making the sacred writings more accessible to ordinary people.

33
Q

Which modern-day religious group is descended from the Anabaptists of northwestern Europe?

A

Mennonites

34
Q

What caused secular governments in both Catholic and Protestant regions of Europe to begin to assume the responsibility for public charity?

A

Impatience with the poor.

35
Q

In the 16th century, how did attitudes toward marriage within the church change? What did Protestant reformers denounce?

A

Marriage was embraced, even establishing courts to handle disputes surrounding marriages.
Protestant reformers denounced sexual immorality and glorified the family

36
Q

What council is most closely associated with the movement for Catholic renewal in the 16th century? What doctrines did it affirm or alter?

A

The Council of Trent. Rejected divorce, reaffirmed legitimacy of indulgences, called for reform from within.

37
Q

Who founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits?

A

Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola

38
Q

What did the Renaissance writer Castiglione author and for whom did it develop the ideal qualities?

A

“The Courtier”. A gentleman who carries himself with nobility and dignity in the service of his prince and his lady

39
Q

What helped European missionaries like Francis Xavier win large numbers of converts in Asia?

A

They admired Chinese and Japanese civilization, and used the sermon rather than the sword

40
Q

Which Italian writer wrote “The Prince”, a primer for those seeking to hold political power? What strategy did he recommend?

A

Niccolò Machiavelli. Pragmatic, cold calculation.

41
Q

Which of the following factors helped lead Spain and France to end sixty years of warfare with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559?

A

Troops sacked Rome, attacked Catholic churches and clergy
France gave up claims in Italy, French king’s sister married a duke who was a Hasburg ally, and his daughter to Hasburg King of Spain, Phillip II.

42
Q

What actions did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the French king Francis I take that shocked the Christian world?

A

Charles V seized Rome and allowed his troops to sack the city to pun is the pope for siding with France; Francis I later made an alliance with the Turkish sultan against the emperor

43
Q

Why did many European powers overextend their budgets and flirt with bankruptcy in the 16th century?

A

They struggled to finance the war, wanting to pay for armies and technology

44
Q

Why did the number of French Protestants increase in France until 1560?

A

The country plunged into four decades of religious wars, savagery was unparalleled

45
Q

Under which English monarch did the Protestant cause finally took firm hold in England?

A

Queen Elizabeth I

46
Q

In 1555, what did the Peace of Augusburg force Emperor Charles V to do?

A

Forced him to recognize the Lutheran church in the Holy Roman Empire.
Gave princes the sole right to determine the religion practiced in their lands

47
Q

Johannesburg Gutenberg was the first European to successfully develop which of the following? How did this impact the cost of books, literacy, protests?

A

The printing press. Decreased costs of books. Expanded literacy. Church officials protested because people didn’t need to come through them to read, therefore taking off the religious filter officials used

48
Q

MesoAmerica

A

Mexico and Central America

“Middle America”

49
Q

Amerindians

A

American “Indians”

50
Q

Pre-Columbian

A

The time period before Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas and before the Colombian exchange

51
Q

Indigenous

A

Native

52
Q

“Stone Age vs. Iron Age”

A

The age before explorers came to the new world and introduced technology vs after

53
Q

Military technology

A

New ships

54
Q

Subject peoples

A

Peoples under the rule of a powerful nation faraway

55
Q

Epidemiological

A

Very contagious and deadly

56
Q

Mexican Ecclesiastical Provincial Council of 1555

A

Holy orders were not to be bestowed on Indians or people of mixed-race-heritage