Chapter 14 Flashcards
Which nation/ruler began the first phase of European overseas exploration?
Portugal and Prince Henry the Navigator
What were the results of the first phase of European overseas expansion?
Portugal established forts along the West African coast; Portuguese ships reached Lisbon, India (spice center); dies covered porcelain/China; brought attention of rest of the world in maritime exploration
Why did the Spanish and Portuguese take a sudden interest in overseas maritime expeditions in the fifteenth century?
They sought to gain control of the spice trade and use its profits in the war against Islam
How did changes in technology or other developments impact overseas maritime expeditions?
Sailors, astronomers, and cartographers compiled better tide calendars and books of sailing directions. This let sailors travel farther and reduced dangers of sea travel.
What was a caravel?
Late 1400s development
65-foot, easily maneuvered, three-masted ship
Used triangular lateen sails that let the ship tack against headwinds
Where did religion fit in explorations?
One of the main goals of overseas exploration was to spread Christianity/Catholicism. The expansion of these religions caused movements and reformations to break out across Europe.
Describe the institution of slavery in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Slavery flourished in parts if the world; some slaves captured in war or by piracy, others(africans) were sold by Africans or bedouins to Christian buyers; poor families sold children into service; slaves could be Greek, Slav, European, African, or Turkish; Africans and Slavs were majority of slave population
How did slavery change as a result of European overseas explorations?
Explorers would trade “pieces”(slaves) for gold and spices; slave movement grew as transportation and sales between nations became easier; slave trade profits brought wealth to Portugual; slavery expanded enormously in America in centuries after
What factors contributed to the success of Hernán Cortés (1485-1547), who was sent by the Spanish crown to the Americas in search of gold?
The Native’s believed him to be an ancient God returning to reclaim his kingdom, he had an army, natives that hated Aztecs joined his army to fight them,
Why did the Spanish and Portuguese increasingly rely on dark-skinned Africans to serve as slaves in their colonies in the Atlantic and the New World by the sixteenth century? (As opposed to enslaved Amerindians)
It was believed that the Africans were constitutionally more suitable for labor than native Americans and should therefore be imported to the plantations to relieve the indigenous people. Thought that the Africans were dispensable and the Amerindians and colonists were too valuable to die at work
Why did the French attempt to establish colonies in what eventually became Canada?
They were in search of a “northwest passage” to China
To what did the Colombian exchange refer?
The movement of peoples, animals, plants, manufactured goods, precious metals, and diseases between Europe, the New World, and Africa
Why did the invention of the printing press potentially challenge political and religious authorities?
Printed books and pamphlets would create a wide community of scholars no longer dependent on personal patronage or church sponsorship for texts. Printing encouraged free expression and the exchange of ideas.
Which European explorer conquered the highlands of Peru, adding it to the Spanish Empire in the 1530s?
Francisco Pizarro
What did Erasimus claim/argue in his “Handbook of the Militant Christian(1503)”
What did he examine in The Praise of His Folly?
Charity and good works, not empty ceremonies, would mark true religion and in which learning and piety would dispel the darkness of ignorance. In favor of education and simple piety
In “Praise of his Folly”, he examined true Christian virtues and lampooned the unchristian values like greed and lust for power
What did Martin Luther challenge in 1517 when he wrote ninety-five theses or questions for debate?
The sales of indulgences and the purchase of church offices
In “Freedom of a Christian” (1520), Martin Luther argued that….
Faith, not good works, saved sinners from damnation
What did Luther mean by the “priesthood of all believers”?
Bible provided all the teachings necessary for for Christian living and that a professional caste of clerics should not hold sway over laypeople
The Evangelicals who supported Luther’s call for reform in the church included which social groups, primarily?
The middle class. Artisans
Who or what helped to spread the ideas of the Lutheran Reformation?
The printing press
Why did Luther escape the fate of Jan Hus, even though Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms?
Luther was protected by a lord, Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony
On what topic did Zwingli (1484-1531) and Luther (1483-1546) differ?
The question of the Eucharist