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Physics 3 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ is the study of blood moving through the circulatory system

A

hemodynamics

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2
Q

______, also called ______, indicates the volume of blood moving during a particular time. This measurement answers the question: how much?

A

flow, volume flow rate

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3
Q

what are the units of flow?

A

volume divided by time; liters/min

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4
Q

______ indicates the speed or swiftness of a fluid moving from one location to another. This answers the question: how fast?

A

velocity

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5
Q

what are the units of velocity?

A

distance; cm/s

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6
Q

what are the 3 basic forms of blood flow?

A

pulsatile, phasic, and steady

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7
Q

______ occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity, blood accelerates and decelerates as a result of cardiac contractions; therefore, this commonly appears in the arterial circulation

A

pulsatile flow

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8
Q

______ also occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity. Blood accelerates and decelerates as a result of respiration; therefore, this often appears in the venous circulation

A

phasic flow

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9
Q

______ occurs when a fluid moves at a constant speed or velocity. This is present in the venous circulation when individuals stop breathing for a brief moment

A

steady flow

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10
Q

______ is when the flow streamlines are aligned as parallel. this is characterized by layers of blood that travels at individual speeds. Commonly found in normal physiologic states

A

laminar flow; The word lamina means layer.

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11
Q

2 forms of laminar flow: ______ flow occurs when all of the layers and blood cells travel at the same velocity
______ flow has a bullet-shaped profile. Center velocity is highest then gradually decreases

A

Plug

Parabolic

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12
Q

The ______ predicts whether flow is laminar or turbulent.

A

Reynolds number

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13
Q

The Reynolds number for laminar is less than ______

And for turbulent flow is greater than ______

A

> 1500

<2000

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14
Q

______ is characterized by chaotic flow patterns in many different directions and at many different speeds, the steam lines are often obliterated

A

Turbulent flow

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15
Q

Small, hurricane-like, swirling, rotational patterns appear in turbulent flow, this is called an _____ current or a ______

A

Eddy

Vortex

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16
Q

______ is often associated with cardiovascular pathology and elevated blood velocities, maybe downstream from a significant stenosis in a vessel

A

Turbulence

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17
Q

Sound associated with turbulence is called a ______ or a ______

A

Murmur

Bruit

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18
Q

Tissue vibrations associated with turbulence is called a ______, this is also described as a palpable murmur

A

Thrill

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19
Q

Blood moves from regions of higher energy to lower energy, this is called ______

A

Energy gradient

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20
Q

Energy is imported to the blood by the contraction of the heart during ____

A

Systole

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21
Q

The total energy at a specific location within the circulation is the sum of what three energy forms?

A

Kinetic, pressure, and gravitational

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22
Q

kinetic energy is associated with ______ objects, and is determined by what 2 factors?

A

moving

an objects mass and the speed at which it moves

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23
Q

pressure energy is a form of ______ or ______ energy. Pressure has the ability to perform work; its for circulating blood and creates flow by overcoming resistance

A

stored or potential energy

24
Q

gravitational energy is also a form of stored or potential energy. it is associated with any ______ object

A

elevated; identical objects at the same height have the same gravitational energy

25
Q

as blood flows through the circulation, energy is lost in what three ways?

A

viscous loss, frictional loss, and inertial loss

26
Q

______ describes the thickness of a fluid

A

viscosity; more energy is lost with a higher viscosity

27
Q

what units is viscosity measured?

A

poise

28
Q

viscous energy loss in blood is determined by the ______, this is a percentage of blood made up of red blood cells

A

hematocrit; a normal value is approximately 45%

29
Q

with ______, hematocrit is reduced, and blood has a reduced viscosity

A

anemia

30
Q

______ losses occur when flow energy is converted to heat as one object rubs against another such as blood sliding across vessel walls creating heat

A

frictional

31
Q

______ relates to the tendency of a fluid to resist changes in its velocity

A

inertia

32
Q

what three events occurs during inertia energy loss?

A

pulsatile flow, phasic flow, and velocity changes at a stenosis

33
Q

velocity ______ as the vessel narrows; ______ velocity exists where the vessel is narrowest

A

increases

maximum

34
Q

velocity ______ as blood flows out of the stenosis into a vessel segment of normal diameter

A

decreases

35
Q

a ______ is a narrowing in the lumen of a vessel

A

stenosis

36
Q
  • changes in flow direction
  • increased velocity as vessel narrows
  • turbulence downstream from the stenosis
  • pressure gardient across the stenosis
  • loss of pulsatility
A

effects of a stenosis

37
Q

______ describes the relationship between velocity and pressure in a moving fluid

A

Bernoulli’s principle; it is derived from the principle of conservation of energy

38
Q

this principle states that, with a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy is the same everywhere; AKA the sum of kinetic energy and pressure energy remains constant

A

conservation of energy

39
Q

what is the relationship between flow, resistance, and pressure gradient?

A

pressure gradient = flow x resistance

40
Q

pressure gradients increases when either?

A

flow increases or resistances increase

41
Q

flow increases when either

A

pressure gradient increases or resistances decreases

42
Q

what is Ohm’s law?

A

voltage = current x resistance

43
Q

pressure in a fluid system is called ______ in an electrical system; flow is called ______; and resistance stays the same

A

voltage

current

44
Q

what is the units for electrical resistance?

A

ohms

45
Q

in the circulatory system, the resistance vessels are called ______

A

arterioles

46
Q

veins, like arteries, are usually ______ resistance vessels

A

low

47
Q

when venous inflow increases during exercise, the cross-sectional shape of a vein changes from hourglass to oval and then to round; allowing volume ______ with a very small increase in pressure

A

increase

48
Q

pressure related to the weight of blood pressing on a vessel measured at a height above or below heart level

A

hydrostatic pressure

49
Q

what are the units for hydrostatic pressure?

A

mmHg

50
Q

Hydrostatic pressures are erroneously to ______ when the measurement is made at a location below heart level and ____ if made above heart level

A

high

low

51
Q

when a person is supine the hydrostatic pressure is ______ everywhere; this accurately represents true circulatory pressure

A

zero

52
Q

what is the equation for measured pressure?

A

measured pressure = circulatory pressure + hydrostatic pressure

53
Q

respiration affects venous flow for what 2 reasons?

A

the venous system is low pressure and muscles responsible for respiration alter pressure in the thorax and the abdomen

54
Q

breathing affects venous flow in what 2 ways?

A

venous flow in the legs and venous return to the heart

55
Q

during inspiration the chest cavity expands creating ______ pressure in the chest; which increases venous flow from the head, arms, and IVC and decreases blood flow in the legs

A

decreased

56
Q

during expiration pressure ______ in the chest; reducing venous return to the heart decreasing the flow in the head, arms, and IVC; increases flow in the legs

A

increases

Physics 3 (7 decks)

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