chapter 18

Question 1

what is estimated to shorted a person’s life the least?

Answer 1

10 mrem of radiation for 70 years

Question 1

what is the largest source of background radiation encountered by the general population?

Answer 1

radon

Question 2

what is estimated to shorted a person’s life the most?

Answer 2

being an unmarried male

Question 3

what is the decay of choice for heavy elements?

Answer 3

alpha decay

Question 4

when are things most likely to be radioactive?

Answer 4

when they are unstable

Question 5

what makes an element unstable?

Answer 5

-isotope is far off from atomic mass
-below Bi on ptable
-odd atomic #, even mass #

Question 6

what isotopes have the highest biding energy?

Answer 6

-row one in transition metals
-anything in the row closest to Fe

Question 7

what isotope do nuclear reactors use to produce power from a fission reaction?

Answer 7

U-235
Pu-239

Question 8

which will penetrate matter furthers? alpha, beta, or gamma?

Answer 8

1. gamma
2. beta
3. alpha

Question 9

what will cause most damage when penetrating?

Answer 9

1. alpha
2. beta
3. gamma

Question 10

what does radiation effect?

Answer 10

rapidly dividing cells

Question 11

what will want to use beta decay?

Answer 11

something with too many neutrons

Question 12

what will want to use positron emission or electron capture?

Answer 12

something with too few neutrons

Question 13

in electron capture, where are we getting the electron?

Answer 13

from 1s orbital

Question 14

what gives off energy in the from of a photon?

Answer 14

gamma decay

Question 15

what is the only decay that does not use transmutation?

Answer 15

gamma decay

Question 16

positron emission

Answer 16

0
e
1

on products side

Question 17

beta decay

Answer 17

0
e
-1

on products side

Question 18

alpha decay

Answer 18

4
He
2

on products side

Question 19

electron capture

Answer 19

0
e
-1

on reactants side

Question 20

why don’t we use fusion reactions?

Answer 20

it is hard to do since the forces repel each other and it takes billions of degrees of heat

Question 21

what is uranium and lead dating used for?

Answer 21

finding nonliving things like a meteor or rock

Question 22

what uses carbon-14 dating?

Answer 22

living things that are now dead

Question 23

what is the c^2 constant

Answer 23

9.00 x 10^10

Question 24

how to find delta M

Answer 24

products-reactants

Question 25

what are the units for delta M?

Answer 25

g/mol

Question 26

what are the units for c^2 constant?

Answer 26

kj/g

Question 27

what are the units for E?

Answer 27

kj/mol

Question 28

what is N?

Answer 28

number of atoms

Question 29

what type of reaction is something big, absorbing a neutron, falling apart into two things?

Answer 29

fission

Question 30

what type of decay is lots of energy overcoming repulsion of two positively charged nuclei?

Answer 30

fusion reaction

Question 31

what does fission have to do?

Answer 31

absorb a neutron

Question 32

how long do stable nuclei last?

Answer 32

forever if left alone

Question 33

how long to unstable nuclei last?

Answer 33

depends on the half-life

Question 34

what do control rods do?

Answer 34

they are used in fission reactions to absorb neutrons and won’t let them fission together