chapter 18 Flashcards
what is estimated to shorted a person’s life the least?
10 mrem of radiation for 70 years
what is the largest source of background radiation encountered by the general population?
radon
what is estimated to shorted a person’s life the most?
being an unmarried male
what is the decay of choice for heavy elements?
alpha decay
when are things most likely to be radioactive?
when they are unstable
what makes an element unstable?
-isotope is far off from atomic mass
-below Bi on ptable
-odd atomic #, even mass #
what isotopes have the highest biding energy?
-row one in transition metals
-anything in the row closest to Fe
what isotope do nuclear reactors use to produce power from a fission reaction?
U-235
Pu-239
which will penetrate matter furthers? alpha, beta, or gamma?
- gamma
- beta
- alpha
what will cause most damage when penetrating?
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
what does radiation effect?
rapidly dividing cells
what will want to use beta decay?
something with too many neutrons
what will want to use positron emission or electron capture?
something with too few neutrons
in electron capture, where are we getting the electron?
from 1s orbital
what gives off energy in the from of a photon?
gamma decay
what is the only decay that does not use transmutation?
gamma decay
positron emission
0
e
1
on products side
beta decay
0
e
-1
on products side
alpha decay
4
He
2
on products side
electron capture
0
e
-1
on reactants side
why don’t we use fusion reactions?
it is hard to do since the forces repel each other and it takes billions of degrees of heat
what is uranium and lead dating used for?
finding nonliving things like a meteor or rock
what uses carbon-14 dating?
living things that are now dead
what is the c^2 constant
9.00 x 10^10
how to find delta M
products-reactants
what are the units for delta M?
g/mol
what are the units for c^2 constant?
kj/g
what are the units for E?
kj/mol
what is N?
number of atoms
what type of reaction is something big, absorbing a neutron, falling apart into two things?
fission
what type of decay is lots of energy overcoming repulsion of two positively charged nuclei?
fusion reaction
what does fission have to do?
absorb a neutron
how long do stable nuclei last?
forever if left alone
how long to unstable nuclei last?
depends on the half-life
what do control rods do?
they are used in fission reactions to absorb neutrons and won’t let them fission together
