Chapter 17: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Nervous system uses _________

Answer 1

electrical signals

Question 2

Endocrine system uses ________

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

Functions of the Endocrine System

Answer 3

Use of calories and nutrients
Secretion of wastes
Blood pressure and blood osmolarity
Growth
Fertility and sex drive
Lactation
Sleep

Question 4

chemical messengers used by endocrine system

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

hormone affects neighboring cells

Answer 5

Paracrine signaling

Question 6

hormone affects same cell that released it

Answer 6

Autocrine signaling

Question 7

hormone travels through blood to affect cells throughout body

Answer 7

Endocrine signaling

Question 8

used by neurons and the nervous system

Answer 8

Neurotransmitters

Question 9

releases product into bloodstream or extracellular fluid

Answer 9

Endocrine gland secretion

Question 10

releases product into duct that carries product to a body surface

Answer 10

Exocrine gland secretion

Question 11

Include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

Answer 11

Endocrine Glands

Question 12

cross cell membrane easily
Lipid-based hormones
Produced from cholesterol molecules
Require transport proteins to travel in blood
Examples include testosterone and estrogens

Answer 12

Steroid hormones

Question 13

modified amino acids
Water-soluble; cannot cross cell membranes
Made from individual amino acids
Do not require transport proteins in blood
Examples include melatonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Answer 13

Amine-based hormones

Question 14

made from chains of amino acids
Water-soluble; cannot cross cell membranes
Do not require transport proteins in blood
Examples include antidiuretic hormone and insulin

Answer 14

Peptide and Protein hormones

Question 15

made on demand by modifying cholesterol molecules

Answer 15

Steroid hormones

Question 16

translated like other proteins

Answer 16

Peptide hormones

Question 17

Receptors can be intracellular or on the cell surface

Answer 17

Hormone Receptors

Question 18

Associated with steroid and thyroid hormones
Hormone must be lipid-soluble to pass through membrane
Results in increased transcription and increased protein synthesis

Answer 18

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Question 19

Associated with water-soluble hormones
Hormone serves as first messenger in the pathway

Answer 19

Membrane-bound Hormone Receptors

Question 20

decrease in receptor number
Occurs when hormone level is chronically higher
Cells become less sensitive to hormone

Answer 20

Downregulation

Question 21

increase in receptor number
Occurs when hormone levels are chronically low
Cells become more sensitive to hormone

Answer 21

Upregulation

Question 22

_____ is regulated by a positive feedback loop

Answer 22

Oxytocin