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BSMT - Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 16: The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Causes contraction of skeletal muscle
Controls voluntary responses

A

Somatic Nervous System

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2
Q

Controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Controls involuntary responses
Helps maintain homeostasis in the body

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

Associated with “fight-or-flight” responses

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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4
Q

Associated with “rest and digest” responses

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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5
Q

Responds to a threat to our homeostasis (stress) or enables survival
Increases oxygen delivered to skeletal muscle
Increases sweating
Blood is shifted away from the digestive system and toward skeletal muscle
Pupils dilate
Brain becomes alert

A

Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

A

thoracolumbar system

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7
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
23 ganglia located next to vertebral column
Some preganglionic neurons synapse outside of sympathetic chain

A

Sympathetic Pathways

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8
Q

project through white rami communicantes and can synapse:
At the ganglion at the same level
At a more superior or inferior ganglion
At prevertebral ganglia or the adrenal medulla

A

Short preganglionic axons

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9
Q

project to target effector through gray rami communicantes

A

Long postganglionic axons

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10
Q

Includes the celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesenteric ganglion

A

Collateral Ganglia

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11
Q

Located anterior to vertebral column
Also known as prevertebral ganglia

A

Collateral Ganglia

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12
Q

Help regulate activities of abdominal organs
Considered part of enteric nervous system
Receive input from splanchnic nerves and central sympathetic neurons

A

Collateral Ganglia

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13
Q

is in lateral horn of the thoracic or lumbar region of the spinal cord

A

Cell body of the preganglionic neuron

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14
Q

synapses with postganglionic neuron close to spinal cord

A

Preganglionic axon

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15
Q

synapses within target organ

A

Long postganglionic axon

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16
Q

Used at the synapse of the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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17
Q

Released by postganglionic neurons onto target cells

A

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Activation of the sympathetic NS can cause hormone release in the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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19
Q

Preganglionic axons terminate in adrenal medulla

A

No ganglion involved

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20
Q

Active when body is not stressed or under a threat
Controls “rest and digest” activities
Salivation
Lacrimation (the flow of tears)
Urination
Digestion
Defecation
Sexual arousal

A

Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

21
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in brain stem and sacral spinal cord

A

craniosacral system

22
Q

project to ciliary ganglion; postganglionic neurons then control iris

A

Preganglionic axons in oculomotor nerve (CN III)

23
Q

project to pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia to control production of saliva, mucus, and tears
Innervates two of the three salivary gland pairs

A

Preganglionic axons in facial nerve (CN VII)

24
Q

project to otic nucleus to control saliva production
Innervates only one pair of salivary glands

A

Preganglionic axons of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

25
Q

to innervate organs in thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Preganglionic axons mix with sympathetic postganglionic axons in plexuses

A

Preganglionic axons project through vagus nerves (CN X)

26
Q

Travel through hypogastric plexus and synapse in terminal or intramural ganglia
Postganglionic axons project into pelvic cavity

A

Preganglionic axons from sacral region form pelvic splanchnic nerves

27
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is neurotransmitter released

A

Cholinergic synapses

28
Q

Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter released

A

Adrenergic synapses

29
Q

Endogenous ligand—acetylcholine
Exogenous ligand—nicotine
Chemically-gated ion channel

A

Nicotinic receptors

30
Q

Endogenous ligand—acetylcholine
Exogenous ligand—muscarine
Trigger changes in cell without allowing ions to pass through membrane

A

Muscarinic receptors

31
Q

—located in skin, GI and pelvic organs, and blood vessels
Cause contraction of smooth muscle

A

α1

32
Q

—found in pancreas, platelets, brain, and spinal cord
Inhibit insulin release
Promote blood clotting

A

α2

33
Q

—found in heart and kidney
Increase heart rate, force of contraction, and secretion of renin

A

β1

34
Q

—found in blood vessels, lungs, uterus, stomach, and small intestines
Cause relaxation of smooth muscle

A

β2

35
Q

—found in adipose tissue
Stimulate breakdown of lipids

A

β3

36
Q

Help maintain internal homeostasis
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Airway diameter
Digestive activity

A

Autonomic Reflexes

37
Q

single neuron, Sensory info comes from somatic and special senses and viscera

A

Afferent branch

38
Q

two neuron, Preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neuron in a ganglion

A

Efferent branch

39
Q

regulates heart rate and strength of contractility

A

Cardiac plexus

40
Q

regulates size of airways in lungs

A

Pulmonary plexus

41
Q

regulates movement of food through esophagus

A

Esophageal plexus

42
Q

regulates abdominal organs and pelvic tissues

A

Abdominal aortic plexus

43
Q

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate most organs

A

dual innervation

44
Q

effects of parasympathetic nervous system are seen

A

Parasympathetic dominance

45
Q

effects of sympathetic nervous system are seen
Opposite of parasympathetic effects

A

Sympathetic dominance

46
Q

Balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic dominance when an organ is at rest

A

Autonomic Tone

47
Q

dominates the heart at rest
Lowers heart rate to normal range

A

Parasympathetic tone

48
Q

dominates blood vessels at rest
Adjusts constriction of vessels to maintain blood pressure

A

Sympathetic tone

49
Q

Autonomic nervous system helps body respond to stress
Aim is to increase nutrients in blood and deliver more blood to head and muscles

A

Stress

BSMT - Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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