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A&P 2 Exam 1 > Chapter 17 Part 2- Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Part 2- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs

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2
Q

What is Leukopoiesis stimulated by?

A

chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature WBCs

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3
Q

where do all leukocytes originate from?

A

hemocytoblasts

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4
Q

what is the blood voume level of WBCs?

A

<1%

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5
Q

how can WBCs leave capillaries?

A

via diapedsis

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6
Q

How do WBCs move through tissue spaces?

A

by ameboid movement and positive chemotaxis

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7
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrohils, eosinophils, and basophils

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8
Q

what are granulocytes?

A
  • cytoplasmic granules
  • larger and shorter lived than RBCs
  • lobed nuclei
  • phagocytic
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9
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • most numerous WBCs
  • 6hrs -> a few days
  • fine granules
  • pruple cytoplasm when stained
  • graules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
  • very phagocytic- “bacteria slayers”
  • ANC of 2500-6000 is normal
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10
Q

What WBC is most numerous?

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

Neutrophil graules contain ______ enzymes or ______

A

hydrolytic

defensins

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12
Q

what WBC is a bacteria slayer that is very phagocytic?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

Eosinphils

A
  • red staining, bilobed nuceli
  • red (acidophilic) Coarse, lysosome-like granules
  • digest parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytized
  • modulators of immune respone
  • 8->12 days, circulate 4/5 days
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14
Q

What WBC is able to digest parasiti worms that can not be phagocytized?

A

eosinphils

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15
Q

what WBC modulates the immune system?

A

Eosinphils

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16
Q

Basophils

A
  • rarest WBCs
  • large, purplish-black (basophilic) graules contain histamine.
  • functionally similar to mast cells
  • few hours to a few days
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17
Q

what is the rarest WBC?

A

basophils

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18
Q

histamine

A

an inflammatory chemical that a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites

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19
Q

What WBCs contain histamine?

A

Basophil

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20
Q

what WBC is similar to mast cells?

A

basophils

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21
Q

how long is basophils life span?

A

few hours to a few days

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22
Q

Agranulocyte

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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23
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

lack visible cytoplasmic granules, have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei

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24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-large, dark pruple, circular nuclei with a thin rom of blue cytoplasm
-crucial to immunity
- two types:
T cells and Bcells

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25
Q

What WBC is crucial to immunity?

A

lymphocytes

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26
Q

a large, dark purple, circular nuclei with a thin blue rim of cytoplasm

A

lymphocytes

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27
Q

what are the two types of cells in a lymphocyte?

A

T cells and B cells

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28
Q

what is a t cell?

A

act against virus infected cells and tumor cells- memory, cytotoxic, regulatory (suppressor, helper, natural killer

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29
Q

how long can memorycells live?

A

years or atleast months

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30
Q

what is a b cell?

A

give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

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31
Q

Monocytes

A
  • largest leukocyte
  • abundant pale blue cytoplasm
  • dark purple staining, u- or kidneyshaped nuclei
  • leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophasges
  • activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
  • hours to day
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32
Q

T cells start the process to what

A

celluar immunity

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33
Q

monocytes are the largest WBCs? T/f

A

T

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34
Q

this WBC has an abundant pale blue cytoplasm

A

monocytes

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35
Q

dark purple staining, u or kidney shaped nuclei

A

monocytes

36
Q

this WBC is an actively phagocytic cell that is crucial against viruses, intracellular bacteria parasites, and chronic infection

A

monocytes

37
Q

what WBC can differentiate into macrophages>

A

monocytes

38
Q

which WBC leave the circulation and go adventure for the nasty infection?

A

Monocytes

39
Q

What WBC activate lymphocyte to mount an immune response?

A

monocytes

40
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low blood count- drug induced

41
Q

cancerous condition involving WBCs

-named according to abnormal WBC clone involved

A

Leukemias

42
Q

myelocytic leukemia

A

involve myeloblasts

43
Q

lymphocytic leukemia

A

involves lymphocytes

44
Q

what leukemia involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children

A

acute leukemia

45
Q

what leukemia is more prevalent in older people

A

chronic leukemia

46
Q

leukemia

A
  • bone marrow totally occupied w cancerous leukocytes
  • immature nonfunctional WBCs in the bloodstream
  • death caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
  • treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and stem cell transplants
47
Q

platelets

A
  • small fragments of megakaryocytes
  • formed by thrombopoietin
  • blue staining outer region, purple granules
  • granules contain serotonin, Ca2+ enzymes, ADP, platelet derive growth factor
  • form temp. plug that eal breaks in B.V
  • circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood essels
48
Q

what are small fragements that are made of megakaryocytes?

A

platelets

49
Q

platelets are regulated by

A

thrombopoietin

50
Q

what are the granules in a platelets created of>

A

serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet derived growth factor

51
Q

what type of ADP do platelets granules have?

A

a chemical,not energy

52
Q

what forms a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels?

A

platelets

53
Q

circulating platelets are kept _______ and _____ by NO (nitrous oxide) and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of BV

A

inactive and mobile

54
Q

Hemostasis

A

3 steps

  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelets plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
55
Q

Step 1- vascular spasm

A

smooth muscles contract, vasoconstriction, slowing down blood flow

56
Q

step 2- platelet plug formation

A

collagen fibers get exposed’ platelets adhere. platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug formation

57
Q

step 3- coagulation

A

fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets, forming the clot

58
Q

vascular spasm

A

vasoconstriction of damaged BV

59
Q

vasoconstriction is triggerd by

A
  • direct injury
  • chemicals released by endothelial cells and platlets
  • pain reflexes
60
Q

HEMOSTASIS IS A WHAT FEEDBACK MECHANISM

A

POSITIVE

61
Q

platelet plug formation

A

@ the site of injury platlets,

  • stick to exposed collagen with the help of VON willibren factor, a plasma protein
  • swell, become spiky and sticky, release chemical messengers (their granule)
62
Q

What two chemicals are released in platelet plug formation

A

-ADP and serotonin

63
Q

how is ADP used as a chemical messenger in platlet plug formation

A

casues more platlet to stick and release their contents

64
Q

where are the two chemical messangers in platelet plug formation from?

A

the granulocyte from platelets

65
Q

serotonin and thromboxane A2lug formation?

A

enhances vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation

66
Q

coagulation

A

a set of reaction in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
-reinforces the platelet plug formation

67
Q

3 phases of coagulation

A
  1. prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
  2. prothrombin is converted into thrombin
  3. Thrombin catalyzes the jioining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
68
Q

phase 1 of coagulation - two pathways

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

69
Q

the intrinsic athway of coagulation

A

triggered by tissue damaging events

-activated platelets, collagen

70
Q

the extrinsic pathway of coagulation

A

is triggered by exposure to tissue factor(TF) or plasma factor (an extrinsic factor) outside the circulatory system (due to damaged vessel)

71
Q

coagulation phase 2; pathway to thrombin

A
  • prothrombin activator (12 coagulation factor) catalyzes trainformation of prothrombin (a glycoprotein found in plasma) to the active anzyme thrombin (which changes fibrinogen into fibrin)
72
Q

coagulation phase 3- common pathway to the fibrin mesh

A
  • thrombin convert fibrinogen into fibrin
  • firin strands form structural base of clot
  • fibrin causes plasma to become gel like trap for formed elements
  • thrombin (w Ca2+) activates cloting factor XIII -cross link fibrin
  • strengthen and stabilize the clot
73
Q

clot retraction is _____ of a blood clot over a number of days

A

shrinking

-edges of the BV wall at injury are slowly brought together again

74
Q

___ and _____ in platelets contract in 30-60 min

A

actin and myosin

75
Q

platelets pull on the _____ strands, squeezing ____ from the clot

A

fibrin, serum

76
Q

clot repair

A

platelet derived growth fctor (PDGF) stimulates divison of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild BV walls

77
Q

____________ stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

78
Q

fibrinolysis

A
  • prevents blood clots from growning
  • begin in 2 days
  • plasminogen in clot converted to plasmin
  • plasmin is a fibrin-digesting enzymes
79
Q

what cleaves the fibrin mesh at various places, leading to circulating fragments that are clared by other proteases or by the kidney and liver

A

fibrinolysis

80
Q

_____ in clot is converted to plasmin

A

plasminogen

81
Q

____ is a fibrin digesting enzyme

A

plasmin

82
Q

factors preventing undesirable clotting (platelets adhesion is prevented by

A
  • smooth endothelial lining of BV
  • antithrombic substances nitric oxide and prostacyclin secreted by endothelial cells
  • vit E quinine, which acts as a potent anticoagulant
83
Q

___________ which act as a potent anticoagulant

A

Vit. E quinine

84
Q

hemostasis disorders

A

thromboembolytic disorders- undesirable clot formation

bleeding disorder- abnormalties that prevent normal clot formation

85
Q

thromboembolytic disorders

A

undesirable clot formation

86
Q

bleeding disorder

A

abnormalties that prevent normal clot formation

A&P 2 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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