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A&P 2 Exam 1 > Chapter 17 part 1- Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 part 1- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

a fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

what is blood composed of?

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements
    • erythrocytes
    • leukocytes
    • platelets
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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

  • 47% for males
  • 42% for females
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4
Q

what is an erythrocyte?

A

RBC

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5
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

WBC

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6
Q

how much of your blood is plasma?

A

55% of whole blood, the least dense component

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7
Q

What are your formed elements made of?

A

~buffy coats
- leukocytes and platelets, <1% of whole blood
~Erythrocytes
- 45% of whole blood, most dense component

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8
Q

what are physical characteristics and volume of blood?

A
  • sticky, opaque fluid
  • color scarlet to dark red
  • pH is 7.35-7.45
  • 38 *C
  • 8% of body weight
  • average volume:
    • 5-6 L for males
    • 4-5 L for females
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9
Q

3 functions of blood

A

distribution, regulation, and protection

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10
Q

What does blood distribute?

A
  • 02 and nutrients to body cells
  • metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
  • hormones from endocrine organs and transported to target organs
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11
Q

What des blood regulate?

A
  • body temperature
  • normal pH using buffers
  • adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system (if not, lack of oxygen)
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12
Q

What does blood protect against?

A
  • blood loss, plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation
  • infection,
    - antibodies
    - complement proteins
    - WBCs defend against foreign invaders
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13
Q

What is your blood plasma made of?

A
  • 90% water
  • proteins (are mostly produced in the liver)
    • 60% albumin
    • 36% globulins (proteins parts for antibodies)
      • 4% fibrinogen (
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14
Q

formed elements?

A
  • only WBCs are complete cells
  • RBCs have no nuclei or organelles
  • platelets are cell fragments
  • most formed elements survive only survive a few days
  • most originate in bone marrow and DONT divide
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles
- filled w/ 9Hb) hemoglobulin for gas transport
- contain the plasma membrane protein spectrin (lets it change shape)
- major factor when contributing to blood viscosity
- O2 loading in the lungs
(produces oxyhemoglobulin (ruby red))
-O2 unloading in tissues
(produces deoxyhemoglbulin (dark red))

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16
Q

Hemaopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

- occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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17
Q

where is red blood cell formation?

A

Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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18
Q

Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)

A
  • give rise to all formed elements

- hormones and growth factors push cell to a pathway of blood cell development

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19
Q

Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)

A
  • a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast

- proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts and continue

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20
Q

RBC formation phases

A
  1. Stem cell (hemocytoblast)
  2. committed cell (proerythroblast)
  3. developmental pathway
  4. a. Phase 1, ribosome synthesis (early erythroblast)
  5. b Phase 2, hemoglobulin accumulation, (late erythroblast/normoblast)
  6. c. Phase 3, ejection of nucleus, (reticulocyte)
  7. erythrocyte
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21
Q

regulation of RBCs.
Too many RBCs?
Not enough RBCs?

A

too many cause increased blood viscosity

not enough can cause hypoxia

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22
Q

hormonal control of erythropoiesis by

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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23
Q

Erythropoietin

A

direct stimulus for erythropoiesis

released by the kidney in response to hypoxia

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24
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia?

A
  • hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
  • insufficient hemoglobulin (ex: iron deficiency)
  • reduced availability of O2 (ex: high altitudes)
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25
Q

Effects of EPO

A
  • more rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells
  • increased circulatory reticulocyte in 1/2 days
  • Testosterone also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBCs count in males
26
Q

homeostasis of normal blood oxygen levels

A
  1. Stimulus; hypoxia, decreased RBC count, hemoglobulin, O2 availability
  2. Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin
  3. erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
  4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBCs
  5. O2 carrying ability of blood increases
27
Q

Lifespan of RBCs

A
  • 100-120 days
  • old rbcs become fragile, Hb degenerates
  • macrophages engulf dyings rbcs in the SPLEEN
  • heme and globin are separated
  • iron is salvaged for reuse
  • heme is degraded to yeloow pigment bilirubin
  • liver secretes bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines
  • degraded pigments leave the body in feces as stercobilin (BROOWN POOP)
  • globin is metabolized into amino acids
28
Q

anemia:

A

=-blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity

  • sign rather than a disease
  • Blood O2 levels cant support normal metabolism
  • accompanied by fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills
29
Q
  1. insufficient erythrocytes
A
  • hemorrhagic anemia acute/chronic loss of blood
  • hemolytic anemia: RBCs rupture prematurely
  • Aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
30
Q
  1. low hemoglobin content
A
  • iron deficiency anemia:
  • 2ndary result of hemorrhagic anemia
  • inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
  • impaired iron absorption
  • pernicious anemia:
  • deficiency of vitamin b12
  • lack of intrinsic factor (produced in tummy) needed for absorption of b12
  • treated by instramuscular inection of b12 or nascobal
31
Q
  1. abnormal hemoglobin
A
  • thalassemias:
  • faulty globin (protein) chain
  • RBCS are thin. delicate, and deficient in Hb
  • Sickle cell anemia:
  • defective gene codes for abnormal HbS
  • causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
32
Q

Polycythemia

A

excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

33
Q

polycythemia results from

A
  • polycythemia vera - bone marrow cancer
  • 2ndary polycythemia- when less O2 is available (high altitude) or wen EPO production increases
  • Blood doping
34
Q

RBCs membranes bear 30 types of _________ antigens that are

A
  • glycoprotein
  • perceived as foreign when blood is transfused and mismatched
  • unique to each person
  • promoters pf agglutination (agglutinogens)
35
Q

presence or absence of each antigen is used to ________ blood cells into different groups

A

classify

36
Q

antigens of the _____ and _____ blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions

A

ABO and Rh

37
Q

ABO blood groups

A

A,B,AB,O

38
Q

based on presence or absence of two __________ (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs

A

agglutinogens

39
Q

Blood may contain Anti-A or Anti-B ________ that act against transfused RBCs with ABO antigens not normally present

A

antibodies

40
Q

ANti-A or Anti- B form in the _______ at 2 months old

A

blood

41
Q

AB blood cells has surface marker ____ and ____

A

A and B

42
Q

B blood cells has surface marker _____ and anti-____

A

B and ant-A

43
Q

A blood cells has surface marker ___ and Anti-___

A

A markers and anti-B

44
Q

O blood type has no surface markers but has anti

A

A and B

45
Q

there are 45 diff. Rh

A

aggultinogens (Rh factors)

46
Q

C,D and E are the ______ common (Rh blood groups)

A

most

47
Q

____ indicates presence of D

A

Rh+

48
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in

A

Rh- individuals

49
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies form if an _____ individual receives _____ blood

A

Rh-

Rh+

50
Q

a second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a

A

typical transfusion reaction

51
Q

Homeostatic imbalance: hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

also called erythroblastosis fetalis

52
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- mother becomes sensitized when exposed to Rh+ blood cause her body to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies

Anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroys RBCs of an Rh+ baby

53
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis treatment

A
54
Q

______ serum containing _____can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized

A

RhoGAM

Anti-Rh

55
Q

When serum containing anti-A or Anti-B aggultinins is added to blood, agglutination (______) will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding ________

A

clumping, agglutinogens

56
Q

positive reactions indicate _____

A

agglutination

57
Q

Type A blood (contain agglutinogen A; agglutinates with _____

A

Anti- A

58
Q

Type B blood (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with _____

A

Anti-B

59
Q

Type AB blood (contains aggltinogens A and B; agglutinates w ____)

A

both serums

60
Q

diagnostic blood tests

A
  • hematocrit
  • blood glucose tests
  • microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCS, indications of anemias
  • differential WBC count
  • PROTHROMBIN time and platlet counts asses hemostasis
  • SMAC, blood chemistry profile
  • CBC

A&P 2 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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