Chapter 17 Part 1

Question 1

what is the characteristic of innate immunity?

Answer 1

first line of defence
- rapid response (within hours)
- non-specific
- response remains constant
- does not require previous exposure

Question 2

what is the characteristic of adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

requires time to gear up
- slow (days to weeks)
- gradually improves
- highly specific
- holds memory of previous exposure

Question 3

what is the origin to the cells called?

Answer 3

hematopoietic stem cell

Question 4

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 4

attached to the circulatory system, collects interstitial fluid and scans for forgien pathogens then returns it back to the circulatory system

Question 5

What are monocytes?

Answer 5

they are the precursor to macrophages that circulates it in the blood stream until they are needed, they will migrate to tissue and becomes macrophages

Question 6

what are marcophages?

Answer 6

there are many types an they live in the tissue.
they have pattern recognition receptors to recognize the PAMPs on pathogens and release cytokines

Question 7

What do macrophages do?

Answer 7

they are the FIRST line of cellular defence (innate)
they are antigen presenting cells
- secrete cytokines
- they eat (phagocytosis) pathogen
- present pieces of the pathogen in Class 2 MHC molecules to Helper T cells

Question 8

what are PAMPs?

Answer 8

pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 9

What are neutrophils and what do they do?

Answer 9

released by bone marrow to circulate in bloodstream (innate)
- when signalled by cytokines they enter tissues
- they kill (phagocytose) pathogens

Question 10

How does neutrophil kill pathogens?

Answer 10

• they have granules that contain lytic and bactericidal substances to kill the pathogen when phagocytosed
• when they can’t phagocytose anymore, they spit out neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to catch remaining pathogens

Question 11

what is leucoytosis?

Answer 11

the increase in the number of circulating neutrophils
- used to determine infection

Question 12

what happens to neutrophils that can’t phagocytize anymore?

Answer 12

after casting their NET, they get phagocytosed by macrophage

Question 13

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 13

they are cells that phago and pinocytose pathogens and present antigen in both Class 1 and 2 molecules to T cells when they enter lymph nodes
- bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems

Question 14

What is cross presentation?

Answer 14

when a cell (specifically dendritic cells) can present antigen in both class 1 and 2 MHC molecules

Question 15

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 15

• bone marrow
• thymus

Question 16

What is an antigen?

Answer 16

a molecule or fragment of pathogen that is recognized by an antibody, a B-cell receptor or can be bound in a MHC molecule and presented to the T cell

Question 17

What is a epitope and what is its other name?

Answer 17

antigenic determinant
- its the apart of the antigens that the antibody binds to or the part that gets recognized by a T cell receptor when presented in a MHC molecule

Question 18

What is a cytokine?

Answer 18

a substance that is secreted by immune cells that affects other immune cells

Question 19

What is a chemokine?

Answer 19

it is a type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis

Question 20

what are the types of T cells?

Answer 20

• helper T cell (CD4+)
• cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Question 21

what does cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 21

(CD8+) they kill virus infected cells

Question 22

what does helper T cells do and what receptor do they have on them?

Answer 22

(CD4+)
- regulate activities of other white blood cells
- help activate macrophages, B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 23

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 23

• part on innate, they circulate the blood and contain toxic granules
• do not have antigen specific receptors
  they are cells that induce virus infected cells to undergo apoptosis

Question 24

where do B cell mature?

Answer 24

bone marrow

Question 25

where do T cell mature?

Answer 25

thymus

Question 26

Class 1 MHC is associated with… AND are found…

Answer 26

CD8+ and on every nucleated cells

Question 27

Class 2 MHC is associated to with… and are found…

Answer 27

CD4+ and only found on professional antigen presenting cells (dendritic, macrophage and B cells)

Question 28

What does the B cell antigen Receptor do?

Answer 28

it gets secreted as an antibody after activation and differentiation

Question 29

what does the T cell antigen receptor do?

Answer 29

it recognizes antigens bound to a MHC molecule on a antigen presenting cell

Question 30

What are the antigen presenting cells?

Answer 30

• macrophage
• dendritic cell
• B cell

Question 31

What counts as a white blood cells?

Answer 31

monocytes (precursor macrophages) and lymphocytes (precursor T and B cells)

Question 32

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 32

T and B cells that have not undergone differentiation yet

Question 33

what does MHC stand for and why are they synthesized?

Answer 33

Major Histocompatability Complex protein and are synthesized in the ER

Question 34

what is the difference between CD4+ & CD8+ receptors?

Answer 34

CD8+ has an extra alpha and beta receptor and CD4 doesn’t