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Microbiology > Chapter 17 Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

defenses against any pathogen

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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

induced resistance to a specific pathogen

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3
Q

Bacterial toxins generate the production of _____ in the serum

A

Antitoxins

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4
Q

Antitoxin sera mixed with toxin could be given to prevent what disease that was common in childhood death?

A

Diphtheria

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5
Q

Paul Ehrlich’s contribution to microbiology:

A

Body produces excess antitoxins which last beyond exposure. Thought this was immunization.

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6
Q

Michael Heidelberger’s contribution to microbiology:

A

Discovered that antigens of pneumococcus are polysaccharides

Discovered that antibodies are proteins

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7
Q

Gerald Edelman’s contribution to microbiology:

A

Determined general structure of antibodies

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8
Q

Susumu Tonegawa’s contribution to microbiology:

A

Determined that genes in B cells produce different antibodies to virtually any antigen

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9
Q

Serology

A

The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

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10
Q

Antiserum

A

The generic term for serum that contains antibodies

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11
Q

What are globulins?

A

Serum proteins

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12
Q

Gamma globulin

A

serum fraction containing antibodies

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13
Q

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of blood cells

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15
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

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16
Q

Antibodies (Ab)

A

Interact with epitopes or antigenic determinants

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17
Q

Hapten

A

antigen too small to be recognized by the immune system that can be recognized when combined with a carrier protein

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18
Q

How are haptens linked to carrier proteins?

A

penicillin is not immunogenic on its own. It is covalently attaches to proteins in the blood and the combo makes it recognizable by the immune system

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19
Q

Antibody monomers have how many protein chains?

A

Four. Two heavy chains and two light chains. Make Y shaped structure

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20
Q

How are heavy and light chains joined?

A

Disulfide bonds

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21
Q

Variable regions

A

On the ends of heavy and light chains to bind to epitopes

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22
Q

Fc region

A

Stem of Y shaped structure that crystalized in cold storage

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23
Q

Why are Fc regions important?

A

Fc regions of adjacent antibodies can bind complement if left exposed after both antigen binding sites attach to antigen
Fc region may bind to a cell to leave the binding sites of adjacent antibodies free to react

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24
Q

IgG antibodies

A

monomer, 80% of serum antibodies, fix complement, cross placenta, enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses
Half life=23 days

25
Q

IgM antibodies

A

Pentamer, 5-10% serum antibodies, fix complement, in blood lymph and B cells,
agglutinates microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection
Half life=5 days

26
Q

IgA antibodies

A

Dimer, 10-15% serum antibodies, in secretions, mucosal protection
Half life=6 days

27
Q

IgD antibodies

A

Monomer, 0.2 % of serum antibodies, in blood, lymph and B cells
Half life=3 days

28
Q

IgE antibodies

A

Monomer, 0.002% of serum antibodies, on mast cells, basophils and in blood, allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms
Half life= 2 days

29
Q

What is unique about B cells class switching?

A 
A single B cell can produce different classes of antibodies over time 
B cells can switch Ig class and keep antigen specificity
30
Q

What does DNA recombination do in Ig classes?

A

Causes a switch from one Ig class to another

31
Q

What is the fate of randomly generated B cells?

A

Autoantibodies are eliminated
All mature B cells have antibodies on their surface
Those that proliferate may become plasma cells or memory B cells

32
Q

What do T cells activate?

A

Activate B cells to secrete Ab

B cell is activated to secrete antibodies if it and T cell can recognize same antigen

33
Q

What is clonal deletion?

A

Eliminates harmful B cells

34
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Expands activate B cells

35
Q

What occurs when Ab meets antigen?

A 
Agglutination 
Opsonization 
Complement fixation 
Antibody-dependent cell mediated immunity 
Neutralization
36
Q

Agglutination

A

Reduces the number of infectious units to be dealt with

37
Q

Opsonization

A

Coats antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

38
Q

Complement fixation

A

Causes inflammation and cell lysis

39
Q

Antibody dependent cell mediated immunity

A

Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils and NK cells

40
Q

Neutralization

A

Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin

41
Q

T Cells and Cellular Immunity

A

T cells mature in the thymus
T cells respond to antigen by T cell receptors, T cell version of antibodies
T cells require antigen presenting cells (APCs)
T cell receptors must interact with MHC molecules

42
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Efficient at ingesting and processing antigens and presenting them on their surface

43
Q

MHC and HLA

A

Mouse: Major Histocompatibility Complex
Human: Human Leukocyte Antigens
Transmembrane cell surface proteins that hold antigens for presentation
Class I and Class II
Differs slightly among individuals of a species
Responsible for tissue rejection in transplants

44
Q

T cells types

A

T Helper Cells (TH) (CD4+)-activate antibody response
T Cytotoxic Cells (Tc) (CD8+)- directly target host cells
T Regulatory Cells (TReg)- keep the immune system in check

45
Q

T helper cells

A

CD4+ r T cells
work by activating B cells
TCRs recognizing antigens with MHC class II on antigen presenting cells
TH cells produce cytokines and differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, memory T cells

46
Q

What does TH1 produce?

A

IFN-γ (gamma interferon), which activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and antibodies; effective against intracellular pathogens

47
Q

What do TH2 cells activate?

A

eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE; important in allergic reactions; effective against helminths (worms)

48
Q

What do TH17 cells produce?

A

large amounts of cytokine IL-17, recruit neutrophils, and work against certain extracellular bacteria and fungi

49
Q

How are T Helper cells activated?

A
  • APC encounters antigen
  • APC processes antigen protein into short peptide
  • APC presents antigen fragment with MHC II
  • TH cell encounters APC presenting antigen
  • TCR recognizes antigen fragment with MHC II
  • co-stimulatory signal is needed to activate T cells that have not previously encountered antigen
  • TH cell is activated and produces cytokines
50
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A
  • B cells, dendritic cells, activated macrophages
  • Digest antigen
  • Present fragments on APC surface with MHC class II
51
Q

What are M cells on Peyer’s patch?

A

Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts pass through:

  • M (microfold) cells over
  • Peyer’s patches, which contain APCs
52
Q

What are cytotoxic cells?

A

CD8+ or TC cells
Target cells are “self” with endogenous antigens
Activated into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
MHC class I molecules are on all cells of the body
CTLs recognize antigen with MHC class I
Induce apoptosis in target cell
CTL releases perforin and granzymes

53
Q

Immunotherapies target inhibitory regulation of T cells such as ____ that can___

A

anti Pd1 antibodies that can cure incurable cancers

54
Q

What are T regulatory cells?

A

TReg cells are similar to TH cells
-Have CD4 and CD25 on their surface
-Suppress T cells that act against “self” antigens
to block their potentially destructive activity
TCRs that are like autoantibodies

55
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Extracellular killing by the immune system
NK cells are granular leukocytes
destroy any cells that don’t express MHC I
kill virus-infected and tumor cells
attack parasites

56
Q

What is ADCC?

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
antibodies stimulate NK and other cells to kill
Require Fc receptors on the killing cell

57
Q

What are cytokines?

A 
Cytokines are chemical messengers
Overproduction leads to “cytokine storm”
signaling gets out of control
can cause significant damage to tissues
part of pathology of many diseases
influenza
graft-versus-host disease
sepsis
58
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

-Antibody titer is the amount of antibody in serum
-Primary response occurs after initial contact with antigen
-Secondary or memory (anamnestic) response occurs after second exposure
Its why vaccination works

59
Q

what are the types of adaptive immunity?

A 
-Naturally acquired active immunity
Resulting from infection
-Naturally acquired passive immunity
Transplacental or via colostrum
-Artificially acquired active immunity
Injection of Ag (vaccination)
-Artificially acquired passive immunity
Injection of Ab

Microbiology (7 decks)

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