Chapter 17-Innate immunity

Question 1

Why is immunology important?

Answer 1

pathogens enter our bodies everyday, micro biome, opportunistic infections

Question 2

First line of defense

Answer 2

-innate non specific
-present at birth
-includes external barriers

Question 3

Second line of defense

Answer 3

-Adaptive specific
-Develops as the body is exposed to antigens throughout life

Question 4

Innate immunity

Answer 4

non specific
always prepared and ready
does not remember infectious agents
act immediately after exposure
anatomic, physiological, phagocytic, inflammatory

Question 5

Adaptive immunity

Answer 5

Highly specific
Only comes for antigenic challenge
remembers infectious agents
require time before it can act on foreign substances
humoral and cell medicated components

Question 6

Physical barriers

Answer 6

skin, mucous membranes, BBB

Question 7

Mechanical defenses

Answer 7

Peristalsis of intestines, mucociliary escalator of respiratory tract remove microbes, shedding of skin cells, flays hint of urine

Question 8

Lysozyme (First line)

Answer 8

degrades peptidoglycan

Question 9

Lactoferrin/transferrin (first line)

Answer 9

bind iron, starves microbes of iron required for growth

Question 10

AMPS (first line)

Answer 10

defensins form pores in microbial membranes

Question 11

Neutrophils

Answer 11

phagocytic, engulf and destroy bacteria, granules contain enzymes, increase during infection

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

involved in allergic reactions and inflammation, release, histamine, and heparin

Question 13

Mast cells

Answer 13

similar to Basophils, but confined to tissues

Question 14

Eiosinophils

Answer 14

fight, parasitic worms, involved in allergic reactions, contain histamine 

Question 15

PAMP’s

Answer 15

pathogen associated molecular patterns,
structures are molecules common to many groups of pathogens, example: peptidoglycan, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, Lipo peptides, nucleic acid

Question 16

Cytokines

Answer 16

Chemical messengers, regulate leukocyte response, host physiology

Question 17

PRR (pattern recognition receptors)

Answer 17

see signs of microbial invasion, lead to cytokine secretion (located on cell surface, an Endosome, and phagosome, free in cytoplasm)

Question 18

Toll like receptors

Answer 18

host Cell receptors that recognize unique bacterial components.

Question 19

Toll like receptors

Answer 19

anchored in membranes of sentinel cells, monitor, extracellular environment

Question 20

Cytokines

Answer 20

soluble proteins, chemical messengers, produce in response to an antigen, regulate the innate and adaptive, immune system’s, formation of blood cells

Question 21

Chemokines

Answer 21

recruit WBC to site of infection, tissue damage, inflammation

Question 22

CSF

Answer 22

multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes

Question 23

Interferons

Answer 23

Control of viral infections, regulation of immune responses

Question 24

interleukins

Answer 24

produced by leukocytes, important, and innate and adaptive immunity

Question 25

Tumor necrosis factor

Answer 25

inflammation, apoptosis

Question 26

Interferons

Answer 26

stimulate nearby cells to stop transcription, shut down proteins synthesis, which inhibits, viral replication, promote apoptosis in cells, infected with virus

Question 27

complement system 

Answer 27

compliments activities of adaptive immune system

Question 28

three ways the complement system is activated? 

Answer 28

-alternative pathway – C3 binds to foreign invaders and recruits other proteins in the cascade -lectin pathway -classical pathway

Question 29

alternative pathway

Answer 29

triggered when C3 B binds to foreign cell surfaces

Question 30

lectin pathway

Answer 30

triggered by the binding of mannose binding lectin‘s to mannose on microbial cells

Question 31

classical pathway

Answer 31

activated by antibodies, bound to antigen, which interact with complement system