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Microbiology 251 > Chapter 16- Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of factors influencing the frequency and distribution of diseases

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2
Q

What do epidemiologists do?

A

collect, compile data about sources of disease and risk factors

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3
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Transmitted from one host to another with different degrees of contagiousness (ex. measles, colds, influenza)

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4
Q

Non communicable diseases

A

do not spread from host to host (ex, legionella pneumophila)

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5
Q

Attack rate

A

percentage of people who become i’ll in population after exposure to infectious agent

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6
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases/time/population
-measure of risk of an individual contracting a disease

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7
Q

prevalence

A

total number of cases at any time or for a specific period in a given population

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8
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of disease in a population

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9
Q

Mortality

A

overall death rate in population

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10
Q

Case-fatality rate

A

percentage of population that died from a specific disease

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11
Q

Endemic disease

A

constantly present in population

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12
Q

Sporadic

A

unusually large number of cases

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13
Q

Outbreak

A

group of cases at specific time and population

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14
Q

pandemic

A

global

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15
Q

Fomites

A

non living objects that facilitate the indirect transmission of pathogens

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16
Q

Chain of infection

A

Reservoir of infectious agent-portal of exit-transmission-portal of entry-susceptible host

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17
Q

Reservoir of infection

A

natural habitat of pathogen-living/nonliving, in or on animal, human, or environment

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18
Q

Symptomatic infections

A

clear source of pathogens, disease may be spread before symptoms appear or after they go away

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19
Q

Asymptomatic infections

A

harder to identify, carriers may not notice infection, can spread it to others

20
Q

Portal of exit

A

body surface or orifice: exit route for pathogen
(ex. intestinal tract (e.coli) respiratory tract, skin, genitalia pathogens)

21
Q

V. cholerae

A

intestinal tract organisms exit in the feces, watery diarrhea

22
Q

S. aureus

A

shed on skin cells

23
Q

Vertical transmission

A

pregnant woman to fetus or mother to infant during childbirth, breast feed

24
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

person to person via air, physical contact, ingestion of food or water, or vector

25
Q

Direct transmission

A

involves immediate transfer or infectious agent to portal of entry

26
Q

Direct contact

A

touch, handshake, sexual intercourse

27
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

transmission of pathogens via water, food, air (tainted food)

28
Q

Indirect transmission

A

several ways: airborne, vehicle borne(transmitted by objects, food, water), fomites

29
Q

Mechanical vector (indirect)

A

carrie’s microbe on its body from one location to another

30
Q

Biological vector (indirect)

A

participates in life cycle of pathogen

31
Q

Vector

A

living organism that can carry pathogen

32
Q

Portal of entry

A

body surface or orifice: entry route for pathogen

33
Q

Virulence

A

ability to cause disease

34
Q

Dose

A

number of pathogens introduced; minimum number of pathogens required to produce symptoms

35
Q

incubation period

A

influences extent of spread

36
Q

Population characteristics that influence epidemiology of disease

A

immunity
general health
age
gender
religious practices
genetic background

37
Q

Descriptive studies

A

define characteristics of disease outbreak, person/place/time

38
Q

Analytical studies

A

more detailed/analyze, determines risk factors relevant to spread of disease

39
Q

Experimental studies

A

Trying different treatments, often used to test effectives of a specific treatment

40
Q

CDC

A

provides support for infectious disease laboratories in the US

41
Q

WHO

A
  1. Provide worldwide guidance in field of health
  2. Set global standards for health
  3. Cooperatively strengthen national health programs
  4. Develop and transfer appropriate health technology
42
Q

Reduction/eradication of disease

A

Reduction through sanitation, vector control, vaccination, abx
(ex. smallpox, measles, polio)

43
Q

Emerging disease

A

novel or have recently increased in incidence (ex. covid, ebola)

44
Q

Factors that contribute to emergence/reemergence

A

Microbial evolution
Complacency
Behavioral changes
Technology
Population expansion
Development
Food distribution and importation
War and civil unrest
Climate changes

45
Q

HAI’s (Healthcare associates infections)

A

acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare setting (ex. C. diff, E. coli, Pseudomonas, S.aureus, surgical site infections, GI infections)

46
Q

HAI transmission

A

other patients, healthcare environment, workers, visitors, medical devices

Microbiology 251 (3 decks)

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