Chapter 17 (Immunization)

Question 1

Define:
variolation

Answer 1

grind up scabs from kids with mild cases → use to infect child

Question 2

Define:
vaccination

Answer 2

purpose of vaccine is to train immune system to recognize antigen to some foreign thing

Question 3

Define:
immunization

Answer 3

artificially acquired immunity
active receive antigen or passive receive antibodies

Question 4

Define:
herd immunity

Answer 4

immunity of the population
population of 100 & 99 protected & 1 person not as long as don’t come in contact w that 1 person should be safe

Question 5

Define:
morbidity

Question 6

Define:
mortality

Question 7

Describe the benefits of vaccination.

Answer 7

herd immunity the more that are vaccinated then there is a higher chance of those who are not vaccinated to not get disease

Question 8

Describe the reasons why not everyone is vaccinated.

Answer 8

fear of the small risk
mistrust of vaccine administrators
hard to keep track especially if need two doses
high cost to develop vaccine
organisms “resist” vaccination (HIV, common cold)
health issue some vaccine cause some response

Question 9

Describe the difference between active and passive immunization.

Answer 9

active antigens creates memory
passive antibodies

Question 10

Describe the process for vaccine approval.

Answer 10

1.Vaccine candidate successful completes research & development & then preclinical trial
2.Clinical Trail (3 phases)
a. small sample (30-50 people); goal is safety- maximize w/ minimizing side effects
b. medium sample (300-500 people); goals are safety & efficacy - monitor side effects & antibody production
c. large sample size (30,000-50,00 people) demographics matter {how old?} Goals are safety & efficacy monitor side effects (rare events) & antibody production
3. FDA approval (look @ demographics)
4. Safety & efficacy are continued to be monitored Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)

Question 11

Attenuated vaccines
o For each type:
 What is it? What is it made from?
 Benefits?
 Disadvantages?

Answer 11

ACTIVE (MMR, Varicella, Influenza -flumist-)
a LIVE organism (or virus) has been attenuated (modified)
infect but not cause disease
BENEFITS: replicating microbes → lots of antigens so strong immune response; stimulates humoral & cell-mediated response; contribute to HERD IMMUNITY b/c vaccinated individuals can infect those around them
DISADVANTAGES: some live vaccine can cross planets, degrade @ RT, reversion to wild type (can become virulent)

Question 12

How does the vaccination rate of a population affect morbidity?

Question 13

How does the vaccination rate of a population affect mortality?

Question 14

THe end

Question 15

killed (inactivated) vaccines
o For each type:
 What is it? What is it made from?
 Benefits?
 Disadvantages?

Answer 15

ACTIVE (influenza -flu shot-, Hep A, Polio, Hep B, HPV, Shingles
WHOLE AGENT VACCINES: whole killed microbes
SUBUNIT VACCINES: antigenic fragments of a microbe
BENEFITS: safer than live vaccines so anyone can be vaccinated; cannot replicate or mutate to a virulent form
DISADVANTAGE: to get full immunity must have booster doses, have higher concentration of dosage, whole agents can cause inflammation

Question 16

Viral vector vaccines
o For each type:
 What is it? What is it made from?
 Benefits?
 Disadvantages?

Answer 16

ACTIVE (Ebola, COVID-19 Johnson & Johnson)
a modified virus used as a vector for the gene of an antigen (make you make protein)
BENEFITS: won’t cause disease or revert; antigen produced inside cell → humoral & cell-mediated response; stable @ RT; fast & cheap to produce
DISADVANTAGES: if population already has immunity to the virus as the vector will be attacked upon injection

Question 17

mRNA vaccines
o For each type:
 What is it? What is it made from?
 Benefits?
 Disadvantages?

Answer 17

ACTIVE (COVID-19 pfizer & moderna
portion of mRNA that encodes for an antigen
BENEFITS: wont’ cause disease or revert; Stimulates humoral & cell-mediated response; RNA is relatively unstable in cells; fast & cheap to produce
DISADVANTAGE: RNA unstable in & outside of cells must be kept in freezer; have strong immune response & side effects

Question 18

Toxoid vaccines
o For each type:
 What is it? What is it made from?
 Benefits?
 Disadvantages?

Answer 18

ACTIVE (tetanus & Diphtheria)
Modified toxins of an organism
BENEFITS: targeted immunity to just the part of the pathogen that causes disease
DISADVANTAGE: few antigenic determinants → requires multiple doses