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Kinesiology 231: A&P 2 (Lecture) > Chapter 17 - Endocrine system (Specific systems) > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine system (Specific systems) Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?

A

Infundibulum

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2
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland lobe made of?

A
  • Neural tissue (nervous tissue)
  • Post. lobe is also called neurohypophysis
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3
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland lobe made of?

A
  • Glandular tissue (endocrine tissue)
  • Ant. lobe is also called adenohypophysis
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4
Q

3/4 of the mass of the pituitary gland is the ______ lobe

A

Anterior pituitary (secretes hormones into general circulation)

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5
Q

What is a portal vein?

A

Any vessel located between 2 capillary beds

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6
Q

What is the primary plexus (primary capillary plexus)?

A

Capillary network associated with the hypothalamus

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7
Q

What is the secondary plexus (secondary capillary plexus)

A

Capillary network associated with anterior pituitary

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8
Q

What are the hypophyseal portal veins?

A

Path in which blood is drained from the primary plexus and transported to the secondary plexus

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9
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A
  • The name of the whole blood vessel network
  • Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones (regulatory hormones) to anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus synthesize and release?
HINT:
Releasing –> “The Pretty Girl Goes Crying”

Inhibiting –> Please Go

A

RELEASING:
1.) TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
2.) PRH (Prolactin-releasing hormone)
3.) GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
4.) GRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone)
5.) CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)

INHIBITING:
1.) PIH (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone)
2.) GIH (Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)

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11
Q

What does the anterior pituitary synthesize and release?
HINT: TP FLAG

A

1.) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
2.) PRL (prolactin)
3.) FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
4.) LH (Luteinizing hormone)
5.) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
6.) GH (Growth hormone)

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12
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A
  • Where the unmyelinated axons of neurons extend through the infundibulum – Neural pathway
  • Synaptic knobs are within posterior pituitary
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13
Q

The hypothalamus synthesizes ______ and ________ while the posterior pituitary gland lobe stores and releases them

A
  • ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) –> synthesized by supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus
  • Oxytocin –> synthesized by periventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus
  • ADH and oxytocin are made of 9 amino acids but differ in 2
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14
Q

What is oxytocin?

A
  • Secreted by hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus)
  • Stimulates uterine contraction, milk ejection, and emotional bonding
  • Uses PIP2-Calcium second messenger system
  • Helps with male ejaculation
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15
Q

What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A
  • Stimulates water retention by kidneys
  • Anti-urination hormone
  • Hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors –> if solute concentration is too high, posterior pituitary will secrete ADH
  • Triggered by pain, low blood pressure, and drugs
  • High concentration causes vasoconstriction (vasopressin)
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16
Q

What is growth hormone (GH)

A
  • Causes liver to secrete insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2
  • GH and IGFs (from liver) function synergistically to stimulate cell growth and division
  • Produced by somatotropic cells
  • Stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
  • Ghrelin stimulates GH release
  • Major targets are bone and skeletal muscle
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17
Q

What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • Release triggered by TRH from hypothalamus –> TSH is released from thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary
  • Also called thyrotropin
  • Causes release of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid gland
  • Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus
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18
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Release triggered by CRH from hypothalamus in daily rhythm
  • Secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
  • Causes release of corticosteroids (ex: aldosterone and cortisol) by adrenal cortex (adrenal gland)
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19
Q

What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production in females
  • Stimulates sperm production in males
  • Stimulates gamete production
  • Absent from the blood in prepubertal boys and girls
  • Triggered by GnRH during and after puberty
  • Suppressed by gonadal hormones (feedback)
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20
Q

What is luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Regulates function of gonads
  • Triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone in females
  • In males, promotes testosterone production
  • Stimulates gonadal hormone production
  • Absent in the blood in prepubertal boys and girls
  • Triggered by GnRH during and after puberty
  • Suppressed by gonadal hormones
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21
Q

What is prolactin (PRL)

A
  • Release triggered by PRH from hypothalamus
  • Secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary
  • Inhibited by PIH from hypothalamus –> dopamine
  • Causes milk production, mammillary gland growth in females
  • Sucking stimulates PRL release and promotes continued milk production
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22
Q

________ of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are proteins

A

ALL

23
Q

All hormones of the anterior pituitary except ______ activate cyclic AMP second messenger systems at their targets

A

Growth hormone (GH)

24
Q

Which 4 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are tropic hormones (regulate secretor action of other endocrine glands)

A

1.) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
2.) FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
3.) LH (Luteinizing hormone)
4.) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

25
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen (stored glucose) into glucose

26
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Conversion of nutrients to glucose

27
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glycogen (stored glucose)

28
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides

29
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Formation of triglycerides

30
Q

The thyroid gland is connected at midline by narrow ________

A

Isthmus

31
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of what types of cells?

A

Follicular cells and parafollicular cells

32
Q

What are follicular cells

A
  • Partly makes up the thyroid gland
  • Synthesizes thyroglobulin (TGB)
  • Produces and releases thyroid hormone (TH)
  • Follicle lumen houses colloid (viscous, protein-rich fluid)
33
Q

What are parafollicular cells

A
  • Cells between follicles
  • Makes calcitonin (decreses Ca2+ levels)
34
Q

What two compounds makeup thyroid hormones?

A

T4 (thyroxine) –> Has 2 tyrosine molecules and 4 bound iodine atoms
T3 (triiodothyronine) –> Has 2 tyrosine molecules and 4 bound iodine atoms
- Regulates metabolic rate, thermoregulation, promotes growth and development

35
Q

What is thyroid hormone (TH)

A
  • Secreted by thyroid gland
  • Made of T4 and T3
  • Affects virtually every cell in body
  • Increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect)
  • Regulation of tissue growth and development (skeletal, nervous system, reproductive capabilities)
  • Maintenance of blood pressure
36
Q

Order of hormone release of thyroid hormones

A
  • Hypothalamus (TRH) –> Anterior pituitary (TSH) –> Thyroid gland (TH) –> target cells
  • TH inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
37
Q

Transport and regulation of thyroid hormone (TH)

A
  • hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis –> hypothalamus releases TRH and this causes anterior pituitary to release TSH
  • TSH binds receptors of follicular cells –> triggers release of TH
  • T4 and T3 transported by thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs) –> T3 is 10 times more active
  • Peripheral tissues convert to T4 to T3
  • Negative feedback regulation of TH release
    Note: TRH can overcome negative feedback during pregnancy or exposure to cold
  • TH increases metabolic rate and protein synthesis in targets
38
Q

What diseases can result from hypo and hypersecretion of TH?

A
  • Hyposecretion in adults –>
    1.) Myxedema (goiter if due to lack of iodone)
    2.) Cretinism
  • Hypersecretion –>
    1.) Graves disease
39
Q

What is calcitonin?

A
  • Produced by parafollicular (C) cells in response to high calcium level
  • Also be stimulated from exercise
  • Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
  • Inhibits bone resorption
  • Increases urinary excretion of calcium
40
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A
  • Tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of gland
  • Made of oxyphil cells and parathyroid cells
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
41
Q

What is parathyroid hormone?

A
  • PTH is the most important hormone in calcium homeostasis
  • Increases calcium levels in blood by stimulating 3 target organs
    1.) Skeleton (increased osteoclast activity and causes calcium and PO4 -3 release in blood)
    2.) Kidney (increased calcium reabsorption in kidney tubule and increased activation of vitamin D by kidney)
    3.) Intestine (increased calcium absorption from food in small intestine)
  • Hyperparathyroidism –> due to tumor
  • Hypoparathyroidism following gland trauma or removal or dietary magnesium deficiency
42
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Inner core of adrenal gland
  • Nervous tissue
  • Part of sympathetic nervous system
  • Releases epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
43
Q

What are the layers of adrenal cortex?

A
  • made of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids
    1.) Zona glomerulosa
  • Secrete mineralocorticoids (ex: aldosterone)
    2.) Zona fasciculata
  • Secrete glucocorticoids (ex: cortisol)
    3.) Zona reticularis
  • Secrete gonadocorticoids (ex: androgens)
44
Q

What are mineralocorticoids?

A
  • Hormones that regulate electrolyte levels
  • Made in zona glomerulosa
45
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A
  • Hormones that regulate blood sugar
  • Made in zona fasciculata
  • Maintain blood pressure by increasing action of vasoconstrotors
  • Include cortisol (hydrocortisone) –> only one in significant amounts and released in response to ACTH
46
Q

What diseases are connected to hyper and hyposecretion of glucocorticoids?

A
  • Hypersecretion –> cushing’s syndrome/disease
  • Hyposecretion –> Addison’s disease
47
Q

What are gonadocorticoids?

A
  • Sex hormones
  • Made in zona reticularis
48
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A
  • Gland hanging from roof of third ventricle
  • Pinealocytes: Secrete melatonin, derived from serotonin
    Melatonin: COntrols daily sleep/wake cycle
49
Q

What is the pancreas?

A
  • Triangular gland partially behind stomach
  • Has both exocrine and endocrine cells
    Acinar cells (exocrine) –> produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion
    Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) –> Contain clusters of endocrine cells
  • Alpha cells produce glucagon
  • Beta cells produce insulin
50
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  • Lowers blood glucose levels
  • Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • Participates in neuronal development and learning and memory
  • Once blood glucose falls, beta cells stop secreting insulin
  • Not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney, or brain
51
Q

What is diabetes mellitus 1?

A
  • Problem with insulin (doesn’t have insulin)
  • Most of the time due to autoimmune condition when the immune system is attacking the body and destroying Langerhans cells
  • Not reversable
52
Q

What is diabetes mellitus 2?

A
  • Problem with receptors
  • Too much insulin –> receptors disappears
  • Reversable
53
Q

What are the three cardinal signs of Diabetes mellitus (DM)?

A

Polyuria: Huge urine output (glucose acts as osmotic diuretic)
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst
Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and food consumption

54
Q

What is the thymus?

A
  • Present in organ/gland that disappears once puberty hits and becomes a thin layer of fat that sits on the heart
  • Secretes thymosin
    Thymosin: Hormone that helps with differentiating and stimulating the production of white blood cells –> don’t need this extra support once immune system fully develops

Kinesiology 231: A&P 2 (Lecture) (4 decks)

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