Chapter 17 - Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the definition of a target cell?

Answer 1

A cell whose activity is affected by a particular hormone. Hormones chemically bind to specific protein receptors on target cells.

Question 2

what tissues are the endocrine glands composed of?

Answer 2

epithelial tissue

Question 3

What is the key characteristic of target cells for a given hormone?

Answer 3

Only target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone.

Question 4

What are the two main categories of hormones based on solubility?

Answer 4

Water-soluble and Lipid-soluble hormones.

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of water-soluble hormones inside the cell?

Answer 5

They use second messengers to activate various proteins inside the cell.

Question 6

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones inside the cell?

Answer 6

They affect gene expression.

Question 7

What are the two main functional classes of chemical messengers in the endocrine system?

Answer 7

Hormones and neurotransmitters.

Question 8

what types of Control of Hormone Release?

Answer 8

• humoral
• neural
• hormonal

Question 9

what is the humoral hormone release cause?

Answer 9

1. Capillary blood contains low concentration of Ca2+
2. then stimulating the parathyroid glands
3. then secreting PTH

Question 10

what is the neural hormone release cause?

Answer 10

1. the preganglionic SNS stimulates adrenal medulla cells
2. then secreting catecholamines

Question 11

what does the parathyroid gland secrete?

Answer 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood Ca++ levels

Question 12

what is the effect of the hormonal release in the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

1. the hypothalamus secretes hormones
2. then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones
3. which then stimulate other endocrine glands (thyroid gland, adrenal cortex and gonad-testis) to secrete other hormones

Question 13

Label the endocrine system

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the names of the two types of glands in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary system?

Answer 14

Adenohypophysis (granular tissue) and Neurohypophysis (neural tissue)

Question 15

what hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis?

Answer 15

Secrete primarily tropic hormones
* Regulate secretion of other hormones
* Stimulatory or inhibitory hormones

• Hypothalamus: tropic hormone #1
• Anterior pituitary: tropic hormone #2
• Endocrine gland: hormone #3 which acts on target

Question 16

what is the difference between long negative feedback loop vs short loop negative feedback

Answer 16

tropic effect

Question 17

what hormones are involved in the Hypothalamo–Pituitary-target organ relationship

Answer 17

1. Prolactin (PRL)
2. TSH
3. LH
4. FSH
5. GH
6. ACTH

Question 18

what type of Control of Pituitary Secretion?

Answer 18

tropic effect

Question 19

What hormones are secreted by the neurohypophysis?

Answer 19

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.

Question 20

what does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 20

• T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) regulate metabolism, growth, and development
• Calcitonin decreases blood Ca++ levels

Question 21

Label the structures of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Answer 21

Question 22

Which hormones regulate blood calcium levels?

Answer 22

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood Ca++ levels, while Calcitonin decreases blood Ca++ levels.

Question 23

what are structural and functional divisions of the adrenal glands?

Answer 23

• Cortex
  Outer 3 layers
  80% of total mass
• Medulla
  Central tissue
  20% of total mass

Question 24

Label the structure of the Adrenal gland and adrenal cortex

Answer 24

Question 25

What are the primary hormones (adrenocorticoids-
Steroid hormones) secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 25

• Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
• Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
• Sex hormones (androgens).

Question 26

what is the function of the mineralcorticoids?

Answer 26

Mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
Regulate Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion in kidneys

Question 27

what is the function of the glucocortocoids?

Answer 27

Glucocortocoids (primarily cortisol)
Regulate stress responses, substrate metabolism, and blood glucose levels – “stress hormone”

Question 28

what is the function of the sex hormones?

Answer 28

Sex hormones (primarily androgens)
Secreted in much greater amounts by gonads

Question 29

What are the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)?

Answer 29

• Epinephrine (adrenaline)- 80%
• Norepinephrine-20%

Question 30

what are effects of the catecholamines?

Answer 30

Catecholamines cause:
* Blood glucose levels to rise
* Blood vessels to constrict
* The heart to beat faster
* Blood to be diverted to the
* brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
Sympathetic effects…Fight or flight

Question 31

What is the primary function of insulin?

Answer 31

Beta cells secrete Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and promotes glycogen formation.
While alpha cells secrete glucagon to breakdown blood glucose to raise for normal range.

Question 32

What hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

Answer 32

Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels.

Question 33

In the pancreas, what does alpha and beta cells secrete?

Answer 33

Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Beta cells secrete insulin

Question 34

Name the structure associated with the pancreas

Answer 34

Question 35

What are the male and female gametes produced by gonads?

Answer 35

Males produce sperm, while females produce oocytes (eggs).

Question 36

What are the primary sex hormones produced by the testes?

Answer 36

Androgens, including testosterone and androstenedione.

Question 37

What are the primary sex hormones produced by the ovaries?

Answer 37

Estrogens and progesterone.

Question 38

What are the primary hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 38

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), Glucocorticoids (cortisol), and Sex hormones (androgens).