Chapter 17: Defining Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a psychological disorder?

A

An ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behaviour that cause s significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society.

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2
Q

What is the bio-psycho-social model of illness?

A

A way of understanding disorder that assumes disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors.

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3
Q

What does the biological component of the bio-psycho-social model refer to?

A

The influences on disorder that come from the functioning of the individual’s body. Particularly important are genetic characteristics that make some people more vulnerable to a disorder than others and the influence of neurotransmitters.

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4
Q

What does the psychological component of the bio-psycho-social model refer to?

A

The influences that come from the individual, such as patterns of negative thinking and stress responses.

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5
Q

What does the social component of the bio-psycho-social model refer to?

A

The influence on disorder due to social and cultural factors such as socioeconomic status, homelessness, abuse, and discrimination.

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6
Q

When does comorbidity occur?

A

When people who suffer from one disorder also suffer at the same time from other disorders.

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7
Q

What is a stigma?

A

A stigma refers to a disgrace or defect that indicates that a person belongs to a culturally devalued social group.

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8
Q

What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)?

A

A document that provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.

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9
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

Psychological disturbances marked by irrational fears, often of everyday objects and situations.

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10
Q

What is a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

A psychological disorder diagnosed in situations in which a person has been excessively worrying about money, health, work, family life, or relationships for at least 6 months, and when the anxiety causes significant distress and dysfunction.

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11
Q

What are the physical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Irritability, sleep problems, difficulty concentrating, muscle aches, trembling, perspiration, and hot flashes.

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12
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

A psychological disorder characterized by sudden attacks of anxiety and terror that have led to significant behaviour changes in the person’s life.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of a panic attack?

A

Shortness of breath, heart palpitations, trembling, dizziness, choking sensations, nausea, and an intense feeling of dread or impending doom.

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14
Q

What is a phobia?

A

A specific fear of a certain object, situation, or activity.

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15
Q

What is social phobia?

A

Extreme shyness around people or discomfort in social situations.

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16
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or in which help might not be available.

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17
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

A psychological disorder that is diagnosed when an individual continuously experiences distressing or frightening thoughts, and engaging in obsessions (repetitive thoughts) or compulsions (repetitive behaviours) in an attempt to calm these thoughts.

18
Q

What do people with PTSD experience?

A

High levels of anxiety along with reexperiencing the trauma, and a strong desire to avoid any reminders of the event.

19
Q

What is a dissociative disorder?

A

A condition that involves disruptions or or breakdowns of memory, awareness, and identity.

20
Q

What is dissociative amnesia? What is it normally caused by?

A

A psychological disorder that involves extensive, but selective, memory loss, but in which there is no physiological explanation for the forgetting.
It is normally caused by a trauma.

21
Q

What is dissociative fugue?

A

A psychological disorder in which an individual loses complete memory of his or her identity and may even assume a new one, often far from home.

22
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

A psychological disorder in which two or more distinct and individual personalities exist in the same person, and there is an extreme memory disruption regarding personal information about the other personalities.

23
Q

Define mood.

A

The positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences.

24
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Psychological disorders that in which the person’s mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes.

25
Q

What are the behaviours associated with depression?

A

Changes in appetite, difficulty concentrating and making decisions, fatigue, feelings of hopelessness, increased substance use, irritability, loss of interest in activities or hobbies, loss of interest in personal appearance, persistent aches and pains, sleep disorders, and thoughts of suicide.

26
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

A condition characterized by mild, but chronic, depressive symptoms that last for at least two years.

27
Q

What is major depressive disorder (clinical depression)?

A

A mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

28
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

A psychological disorder characterized by swings in mood from overly “high” to sad and hopeless, and back again, with periods of near-normal mood in between.

29
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behaviour.

30
Q

What do positive symptoms of schizophrenia refer to? What are some examples of these symptoms?

A

Positive symptoms refer to the presence of abnormal behaviours or experiences that are not observed in normal people.
These symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, derailment, disorganized behaviour, inappropriate affect, and movement disorders.

31
Q

What do negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to? What are some examples of these symptoms?

A

Negative symptoms refer to the loss or deterioration of thoughts and behaviours that are typical of normal functioning.
These symptoms include social withdrawal, flat affect and lack of pleasure in everyday life, apathy and loss of motivation, distorted sense of time, lack of goal-oriented activity, limited speech, and poor hygiene and grooming.

32
Q

What do cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia refer to? What are some examples of these symptoms?

A

Cognitive symptoms are the changes in cognitive processes that accompany schizophrenia.
These symptoms include poor executive control, trouble focusing, working memory problems, and poor problem-solving abilities.

33
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus.

34
Q

What are delusions?

A

False beliefs not commonly shared by others within one’s culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality.

35
Q

What is derailment?

A

The shifting from one subject to another, without following any one line of thought to conclusion.

36
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A

A disorder characterized by inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause problems in personal, social, and work situations.

37
Q

What are the three categories of personality disorders?

A

Odd or eccentric behaviour, dramatic or erratic behaviour, and anxious or inhibited behaviour.

38
Q

What are the personality disorders associated with odd or eccentric behaviours?

A

Schizotypal, paranoid, and schizoid.

39
Q

What are the personality disorders associated with dramatic or erratic behaviours?

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic.

40
Q

What personality disorders are associated with anxious or inhibited behaviours?

A

Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive.

41
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A

A psychological disorder characterized by a prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behaviour, fears of abandonment, and impulsivity.

42
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A

A disorder characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, and a tendency to violate those rights without being concerned about doing so.
It is a pervasive pattern of violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.