Chapter 11 - Emotions & Motivations Flashcards
What is emotion? (definition)
A complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioural, and physiological elements, by which an individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter or event.
James-Lange theory of emotion
our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience. The emotion depends on the arousal. (the fear does not occur along with the racing heart but occurs because of the racing heart).
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal.
The two-factor theory of emotion
the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be.
It can be said that emotion has an arousal factor and a cognitive factor.
emotion = arousal + cognition
misattribution of arousal
The tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing.
This usually occurs with high arousal.
excitation transfer
the phenomenon that occurs when people who are already experiencing arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly.
nonverbal communication
communication, primarily of liking or disliking, that does not involve words.
What are some common nonverbal communicators?
tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions.
The facial feedback hypothesis
proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions.
Intrapersonal functions of emotion
the role that emotions play within each of us individually.
interpersonal functions of emotion
the role emotions play between individuals within a group.
social and cultural functions of emotion
the role that emotions play in the maintenance of social order within a society.
Why did emotions evolve? Are they conscious or unconscious?
Emotions evolved so that we can act without the depth of thinking.
They help us act quickly with minimal conscious awareness (fight or flight).
What systems do emotions orchestrate when triggered? (10)
perception, attention, inference, learning, memory, goal choice, motivational priorities, physiological reactions, motor behaviours, and behavioural decision making.
social referencing
the process whereby infants seek out information from others to clarify a situation and then use that information to act.
What were the results of the visual cliff experiment? (percentages)
no infants crossed the table when the mother showed fear.
6% of infants crossed the table when the mother posed anger.
33% crossed when the mother posed sadness.
75% crossed when the mother posed joy or interest.
Cultural display rules
these are rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modifications of our emotional expressions according to social circumstances.
what is the power of positive thinking?
The idea that thinking positively helps people meet their goals and keeps them healthy, happy, and effectively able to cope with the negative events that occur to them.
what is optimism? What qualities do optimists have?
optimism is a general tendency to expect positive outcomes.
Optimists are usually happier and have less stress.
What is self-efficacy? How do people with high self-efficacy respond to threats?
Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes.
People with high self-efficacy respond to environmental and other threats in an active, constructive way - by getting information, talking to friends, and attempting to face and reduce the difficulties they are experiencing.
What is hardiness? What qualities do hardy individuals possess?
Hardiness is the tendency to be less affected by life’s stressors. It can be characterized as an individual difference measure that has a relationship to both optimism and self-efficacy.
Hardy individuals are more positive overall about potentially stressful life events, who take more direct action to understand the causes of negative events, and who attempt to learn from them.
what are the direct effects of social support?
having people we can trust and rely on.
what are the appreciation effects of social support?
Having people around us to make us feel good.
What is a drive state?
an affective experience that motivates an organism to fulfill goals that are generally beneficial to their survival and introduction.
What is a goal?
A goal is a cognitive representation of a desired state; it is a mental idea of how one would like things to turn out.
The desired end state of a goal can be clearly defined or it can be more abstract and represent a state that is never fully completed.
What is motivation?
the physiological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of a goal.
What two places does motivation stem from?
Intrinsic motivation: the benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal.
Extrinsic motivation: the benefits associated with achieving a goal.
What is self-regulation?
the process through which individuals alter their perceptions, feelings, and actions in pursuit of a goal.
What is the deliberative phase? (first stage of self-regulation)
When a person decides which of many goals to pursue at a given point in time.
During this phase, a person tends to be open minded and realistic about available goals to pursue.
What is the implemental phase? (second stage of self-regulation) What is the drawback of this stage?
this stage involves planning specific actions related to the goal.
A person tends to have a mindset conducive to the effective implementation of a goal through immediate action. This can lead to closed-mindedness and unrealistically positive expectations about the chosen goal.
What does a prevention focus emphasize? How do prevention-oriented people view goals?
Prevention focus emphasizes safety, responsibility, and security needs.
Prevention-oriented people view goals as “oughts”, or something they should be doing.
What does promotion focus emphasize? How do promotion-oriented people view goals?
Promotion focus emphasizes hopes, accomplishments, and advancement needs.
Promotion-oriented people view goals as “ideals”, or something they want to do that will bring them added pleasure.
What is self control?
The capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, and actions in order to resist a temptation and protect a valued goal.
What are the seven networks of emotion in the brain? Briefly explain them.
Seeking - encourages animals to find resources
Rage/Anger - competing for/defending resources
Fear - escaping from & avoiding harm
Lust - identify potential mates
Care - motivation for nurturing offspring
Panic/Sadness - encourages socializing & bonding
Play - learn social limits.
What is emotional regulation?
reactions or responses to our emotional experiences & the ability to influence emotions through thoughts and behaviours.
Explain catastrophizing as a thought pattern. How is it challenged?
Catastrophizing is automatically assuming the worst outcome, but one will remember that feelings and moments pass.
Explain the thought pattern of diminishing the positives. How is it challenged?
Diminishing the positives is having trouble accepting compliments or discounting the good.
It can be challenged by accepting the positives.
Explain the thought pattern of all or nothing. How can it be challenged?
All or nothing is absolute thinking/black and white thinking.
It can be challenged by building awareness for complexities of life.
Explain the thought pattern of labeling. How can it be challenged?
Labeling is calling yourself names/putting yourself down.
It can be challenged by acknowledging that mistakes happen and that every negative has a positive.
Explain the thought pattern of personalization. How can it be challenged?
Personalization is assuming responsibility for things that are outside of your control.
It can be challenged by evaluating situations.
