Chapter 11 - Emotions & Motivations

Question 1

What is emotion? (definition)

Answer 1

A complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioural, and physiological elements, by which an individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter or event.

Question 2

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 2

our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience. The emotion depends on the arousal. (the fear does not occur along with the racing heart but occurs because of the racing heart).

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 3

the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal.

Question 4

The two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 4

the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be.
It can be said that emotion has an arousal factor and a cognitive factor.
emotion = arousal + cognition

Question 5

misattribution of arousal

Answer 5

The tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing.
This usually occurs with high arousal.

Question 6

excitation transfer

Answer 6

the phenomenon that occurs when people who are already experiencing arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly.

Question 7

nonverbal communication

Answer 7

communication, primarily of liking or disliking, that does not involve words.

Question 8

What are some common nonverbal communicators?

Answer 8

tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions.

Question 9

The facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 9

proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions.

Question 10

Intrapersonal functions of emotion

Answer 10

the role that emotions play within each of us individually.

Question 11

interpersonal functions of emotion

Answer 11

the role emotions play between individuals within a group.

Question 12

social and cultural functions of emotion

Answer 12

the role that emotions play in the maintenance of social order within a society.

Question 13

Why did emotions evolve? Are they conscious or unconscious?

Answer 13

Emotions evolved so that we can act without the depth of thinking.
They help us act quickly with minimal conscious awareness (fight or flight).

Question 14

What systems do emotions orchestrate when triggered? (10)

Answer 14

perception, attention, inference, learning, memory, goal choice, motivational priorities, physiological reactions, motor behaviours, and behavioural decision making.

Question 15

social referencing

Answer 15

the process whereby infants seek out information from others to clarify a situation and then use that information to act.

Question 16

What were the results of the visual cliff experiment? (percentages)

Answer 16

no infants crossed the table when the mother showed fear.
6% of infants crossed the table when the mother posed anger.
33% crossed when the mother posed sadness.
75% crossed when the mother posed joy or interest.

Question 17

Cultural display rules

Answer 17

these are rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modifications of our emotional expressions according to social circumstances.

Question 18

what is the power of positive thinking?

Answer 18

The idea that thinking positively helps people meet their goals and keeps them healthy, happy, and effectively able to cope with the negative events that occur to them.

Question 19

what is optimism? What qualities do optimists have?

Answer 19

optimism is a general tendency to expect positive outcomes.

Optimists are usually happier and have less stress.

Question 20

What is self-efficacy? How do people with high self-efficacy respond to threats?

Answer 20

Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes.
People with high self-efficacy respond to environmental and other threats in an active, constructive way - by getting information, talking to friends, and attempting to face and reduce the difficulties they are experiencing.

Question 21

What is hardiness? What qualities do hardy individuals possess?

Answer 21

Hardiness is the tendency to be less affected by life’s stressors. It can be characterized as an individual difference measure that has a relationship to both optimism and self-efficacy.
Hardy individuals are more positive overall about potentially stressful life events, who take more direct action to understand the causes of negative events, and who attempt to learn from them.

Question 22

what are the direct effects of social support?

Answer 22

having people we can trust and rely on.

Question 23

what are the appreciation effects of social support?

Answer 23

Having people around us to make us feel good.

Question 24

What is a drive state?

Answer 24

an affective experience that motivates an organism to fulfill goals that are generally beneficial to their survival and introduction.

Question 25

What is a goal?

Answer 25

A goal is a cognitive representation of a desired state; it is a mental idea of how one would like things to turn out.
The desired end state of a goal can be clearly defined or it can be more abstract and represent a state that is never fully completed.

Question 26

What is motivation?

Answer 26

the physiological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of a goal.

Question 27

What two places does motivation stem from?

Answer 27

Intrinsic motivation: the benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal.
Extrinsic motivation: the benefits associated with achieving a goal.

Question 28

What is self-regulation?

Answer 28

the process through which individuals alter their perceptions, feelings, and actions in pursuit of a goal.

Question 29

What is the deliberative phase? (first stage of self-regulation)

Answer 29

When a person decides which of many goals to pursue at a given point in time.
During this phase, a person tends to be open minded and realistic about available goals to pursue.

Question 30

What is the implemental phase? (second stage of self-regulation) What is the drawback of this stage?

Answer 30

this stage involves planning specific actions related to the goal.
A person tends to have a mindset conducive to the effective implementation of a goal through immediate action. This can lead to closed-mindedness and unrealistically positive expectations about the chosen goal.

Question 31

What does a prevention focus emphasize? How do prevention-oriented people view goals?

Answer 31

Prevention focus emphasizes safety, responsibility, and security needs.
Prevention-oriented people view goals as “oughts”, or something they should be doing.

Question 32

What does promotion focus emphasize? How do promotion-oriented people view goals?

Answer 32

Promotion focus emphasizes hopes, accomplishments, and advancement needs.
Promotion-oriented people view goals as “ideals”, or something they want to do that will bring them added pleasure.

Question 33

What is self control?

Answer 33

The capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, and actions in order to resist a temptation and protect a valued goal.

Question 34

What are the seven networks of emotion in the brain? Briefly explain them.

Answer 34

Seeking - encourages animals to find resources
Rage/Anger - competing for/defending resources
Fear - escaping from & avoiding harm
Lust - identify potential mates
Care - motivation for nurturing offspring
Panic/Sadness - encourages socializing & bonding
Play - learn social limits.

Question 35

What is emotional regulation?

Answer 35

reactions or responses to our emotional experiences & the ability to influence emotions through thoughts and behaviours.

Question 36

Explain catastrophizing as a thought pattern. How is it challenged?

Answer 36

Catastrophizing is automatically assuming the worst outcome, but one will remember that feelings and moments pass.

Question 37

Explain the thought pattern of diminishing the positives. How is it challenged?

Answer 37

Diminishing the positives is having trouble accepting compliments or discounting the good.
It can be challenged by accepting the positives.

Question 38

Explain the thought pattern of all or nothing. How can it be challenged?

Answer 38

All or nothing is absolute thinking/black and white thinking.
It can be challenged by building awareness for complexities of life.

Question 39

Explain the thought pattern of labeling. How can it be challenged?

Answer 39

Labeling is calling yourself names/putting yourself down.

It can be challenged by acknowledging that mistakes happen and that every negative has a positive.

Question 40

Explain the thought pattern of personalization. How can it be challenged?

Answer 40

Personalization is assuming responsibility for things that are outside of your control.
It can be challenged by evaluating situations.