Chapter 17

Question 1

FEH

Answer 1

final energy use for heat

in OECD countries, nat. gas is the primary source of energy for heat followed by oil and coal, which make up about 85% of final energy use for heat (FEH).

in developing world, a substantially higher reliance on biomass for residential heating and cooking applications reduces but does not eliminate the contribution of fossil fuels in FEH

Question 2

kiln

Answer 2

production of cement happens in a kiln

an insulated oven used to raise the temperature of the mix to 1500 degrees C.

Question 3

blast furnace

Answer 3

iron and steel.
the process of converting iron ore into higher-quality pig iron primarily involves using blast furnaces

blast furnaces use heated air at over 1000 degrees C to strip off impurities and remove oxygen from the irn ore. reducing the carbon content further through a blast furnace or electric arc furnace makes steel

Question 4

deforestation

Answer 4

meaningful source of CO2 and methane

Question 5

process heating

Answer 5

industrial process heating = a category of material transformation processes that use thermal energy to refine materials, after their properties, or remove unwanted moisture or other contaminants. 3 primary routes:

(1) fuel-based process heating
(2) electric-based process heating
(3) steam-based process heating

Question 6

Best Available Technology (BAT)

Answer 6

a define standard established by governments to describe the state of the art performance of a particular technology or process available in the marketplace. defined by enviro impacts, discharges of waste, energy efficiency

Question 7

fuel switching

Answer 7

coal to gas switching may reduce some of the undesirable effects of pollution and emissions from cogeneration.

fossil fuels to renewable switching can help improve emissions characteristics and dampen fuel price volatility and dependence

Question 8

ESCOs

Answer 8

energy service companies – can help mitigate risks and uncertainties for users through guaranteed energy savings or cost-sharing basis

commercial or non-profit business providing a broad range of energy solutions including designs and implementation of energy savings projects, retrofitting, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation and energy supply, and risk management.

Question 9

sub-metering

Answer 9

to pay for energy consumption, the occupant either receives a direct bill for their individual use (sub-metering) or a pro-rate share of the total building’s bill based on some estimation method (P-A problems when choice of energy consumption separated b/w building owner and tenant)

Question 10

triple net lease

Answer 10

tenant is responsible for the energy bill despite having very little say over the construction or equipment choices that went into that building (common in US)

Question 11

co-generation

Answer 11

these facilities capture the waste heat from electricity generation to support the thermal needs of the building, can enhance the economics for this DG

Question 12

MUSH market

Answer 12

INSTITUTIONAL (building category)

Municipal & state govts
Universties/colleges
Schools (k-12)
Hospitals

third segment of buildings = institutional. large multi-user facilities. these are increasingly designed to be able to island (separate from the grid)

Question 13

HVAC

Answer 13

Building thermal applications.
70% of energy consumption for buildings in cold climates goes to space heating and appliances.

heating, ventilation, air-conditioning

Question 14

heat pumps

Answer 14

generating heat, and by running in reverse generating air-condition, is usu. done by a heat pump.

heat pumps comprise a vast range of technologies that can move heat (through the use of a liquid or gaseous refrigerant carrier from one location to another: source –> sink).

Question 15

ground-source heat pump

Answer 15

geothermal heat pumps.
require equipment to circulate water (or another refrigerant) in a closed or open loop under the ground, taking advantage of the natural temperature differentials b/w the ground and the ambient air. efficient, but v. expensive.

Question 16

coefficient of performance (COP)

Answer 16

measures relative efficiency of heat pumps

How efficiently can a device convert input heat into the desired thermal output determines its fuel needs, cost, and overall desirability as a solution.

the ratio of the heat supplied to or removed from the reservoir as a percentage the work consumed by the pump

Question 17

building envelope

Answer 17

a set of features (common to all buildings) which determine the relationship between the building and the external conditions

roofs
ventilation and air leakage
walls
windows and doors
floors and basements

Question 18

U factor

Answer 18

one metric of thermal efficiency of building components

the rate at which the window, door, or skylight conducts non-solar heat flow. lower u-factors represent materials that have increased insulation protection, and these values can be lowered through the use of glazing, better materials, more layers/panes, adding space b/w the layers filled with air, gas, or even creating a vacuum

Question 19

R value

Answer 19

insulation elements in walls, roofs, basements are often measured w/ R-value

the reciprocal of U-factor used for conductive forcing above. R-values = materials with better insulation properties.

Question 20

heavy fuel oil

Answer 20

aka residual oil, makes up the grades of No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils. high viscosity, need to be pre-heated or blended with other, lighter fuels to make them combustible or pumpable.

Question 21

combined heat and power (CHP)

Answer 21

the process whereby the waste heat from electricity generation can also be captured and put to work for productive purpose.

sometimes this productive use is to increase the efficiency of electricity generation itself, but more often the low quality heat of targeted toward local thermal needs like space or water heating

Question 22

district energy

Answer 22

district heating & cooling systems = district energy.

not sources of energy themselves, but methods of capturing heat from a source and moving it to a sink using large integrated networks of delivery systems across multiple buildings/users.

Question 23

building management systems (BMS)

Answer 23

smart controls for integrating thermal systems. modern intelligent control systems that integrate both electric and thermal aspects to their overall control schemes

Question 24

repowering

Answer 24

retrofitting infrastructure or asset. when this is done using electricity generators, thermal plants or even engines – it’s called repowering an asset.

Repowering is the process of replacing older power stations with newer ones that either have a greater nameplate capacity or more efficiency which results in a net increase of power generated.[1] Repowering can happen in several different ways. It can be as small as switching out and replacing a boiler, to as large as replacing the entire system to create a more powerful system entirely.