Chapter 17 Flashcards
Pension plans often enhance productivity, reduce turnover, satisfy union demands, and allow employers to compete in the labor market. true or false?
true. This is accomplished by setting aside funds during an employee’s working years so that at retirement the accumulated funds plus earnings from investing those funds are available to replace wages
A pension formula typically defines retirement pay based on the employees’ years of service, annual compensation, and sometimes age. True or False?
True
Define an Actuary
A professional trained in a particular branch of statistics and mathematics, to assess the various uncertainties (employee turnover, salary levels, mortality, etc.) and to estimate the company’s obligation to employees in connection with its pension plan.
Unions typically oppose pension plans. true or false?
False - Motivation to sponsor a plan sometimes comes from union demands and often relates to being competitive in the labor market. Other factors include providing employees with a degree of retirement security. This security also can induce a degree of job satisfaction and perhaps loyalty that might enhance productivity and reduce turnover
Difference between Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans
Defined Contribution: promise fixed annual contributions to a pension fund (say, 5% of the employees’ pay). Employees choose (from designated options) where funds are invested—usually stocks or fixed-income securities. Retirement pay depends on the size of the fund at retirement. Defined Benefit: promise fixed retirement benefits defined by a designated formula. Typically, the pension formula bases retirement pay on the employees’ (a) years of service, (b) annual compensation (often final pay or an average for the last few years), and sometimes (c) age. Employers are responsible for ensuring that sufficient funds are available to provide promised benefits.
Today, approximately three-fourths of workers covered by pension plans are covered by defined benefit plans. True or False?
False: Today, approximately three-fourths of workers covered by pension plans are covered by defined contribution plans, roughly one-fourth by defined benefit plans.
Uncertainties complicate determining how much to set aside each year to ensure that sufficient funds are available to provide promised benefits. in defined contribution plans.
False - this is a characteristic of Defined Benefit Plans. This is particularly true when pension benefits are defined by a pension formula, as usually is the case. A typical formula might specify that a retiree will receive annual retirement benefits based on the employee’s years of service and annual pay at retirement (say, pay level in the final year, highest pay achieved, or average pay in the last two or more years).
For defined contribution plans, the employee would bear the risk of uncertain investment returns. True or False?
True. The employee would bear the risk of uncertain investment returns and, potentially, settle for far less at retirement than at first expected. Risk is reversed in a defined benefit plan. Because specific benefits are promised at retirement, the employer would be responsible for making up the difference when investment performance is less than expected.
Defined contribution plans promise defined periodic contributions to a pension fund, without further commitment regarding benefit amounts at retirement. True or false?
True
Since actuarial estimates are inherently subjective, estimates invariably deviate from the actual outcome to one degree or another For instance, the return on assets can turn out to be more or less than expected. These deviations are referred to as gains and losses. True or False?
True. Pension gains and losses occur when the pension obligation is LOWER (gain) or HIGHER (loss) than expected. Pension gains and losses occur when the return on plan assets is higher or lower than expected.
The key elements of a defined benefit pension plan are:
- The employer’s obligation to pay retirement benefits in the future. 2. The plan assets set aside by the employer from which to pay the retirement benefits in the future. 3. The periodic expense of having a pension plan. The first two of these elements are not reported individually in the employer’s financial statements. This may seem confusing at first because it is inconsistent with the way you’re accustomed to treating assets and liabilities. Even though they are not separately reported, it’s critical that you understand the composition of both the pension obligation and the plan assets because (a) they are reported as a net amount in the balance sheet, and (b) their balances are reported in disclosure notes.
Why are virtually all new pension plans are defined contribution plans.
1.Government regulations make defined benefit plans cumbersome and costly to administer. 2.Employers are increasingly unwilling to bear the risk of defined benefit plans; with defined contribution plans, the company’s obligation ends when contributions are made. 3.There has been a shift among many employers from trying to “buy long-term loyalty” (with defined benefit plans) to trying to attract new talent (with more mobile defined contribution plans).
True or False - the ABO is the portion of the accumulated benefit obligation that plan participants are entitled to receive regardless of their continued employment.
False. That is the Vested Benefit Obligation (VBO). ABO is The actuary’s estimate of the total retirement benefits (at their discounted present value) earned so far by employees, applying the pension formula using existing compensation levels.
True or False? If the pension formula does not include future compensation levels, the PBO and the ABO are the same
true
What is the Projected Benefit Obligation?
Projected benefit obligation (PBO) The actuary’s estimate of the total retirement benefit (at their discounted present value) earned so far by employees, applying the pension formula using estimated future compensation levels. (If the pension formula does not include future compensation levels, the PBO and the ABO are the same.)
Difference between the PBO and ABO?
Accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) - The actuary’s estimate of the total retirement benefits (at their discounted present value) earned so far by employees, applying the pension formula using existing compensation levels. Projected benefit obligation (PBO) The actuary’s estimate of the total retirement benefit (at their discounted present value) earned so far by employees, applying the pension formula using estimated future compensation levels. (If the pension formula does not include future compensation levels, the PBO and the ABO are the same.)
. The amount can be calculated directly as the assumed discount rate multiplied by the projected benefit obligation at the beginning of the year.
Interest Cost. Even though the projected benefit obligation is not formally recognized as a liability in the company’s balance sheet, it is a liability nevertheless. And, as with other liabilities, interest accrues on its balance as time passe
This represents the increase in the projected benefit obligation attributable to employee service performed during the period.
Service Cost
When the ABO is estimated, the most recent salary is included in the pension formula to estimate future benefits. True or false?
True. When the ABO is estimated, the most recent salary is included in the pension formula to estimate future benefits, even if the pension formula specifies the final year’s salary. No attempt is made to forecast what that salary would be the year before retirement.
True or False - A prior service cost arises when the pension plan itself is amended to revise the way benefits are determined
True - When a pension plan is amended, credit often is given for employee service rendered in prior years. The cost of doing so is called prior service cost. Applied retroactively so employees won’t get upset.
Most VBO’s are vested in five years. True or false?
True - Today, benefits must vest (a) fully within five years or (b) 20% within three years with another 20% vesting each subsequent year until fully vested after seven years. Five-year vesting is most common.
Define a Gain or Loss on PBO
Decreases and increases in estimates of the PBO because of periodic re-evaluation of uncertainties are called gains and losses. When one or more of these estimates requires revision, the estimate of the PBO also will require revision. The resulting decrease or increase in the PBO is referred to as a gain or loss, respectively.
Pension Plan Assets must be recorded in the disclosure notes as well
Its separate balance, too, must be reported in the disclosure notes to the financial statements (as does the separate PBO balance
Define Pension Plan Assets
employer contributions and accumulated earnings on the investment of those contributions to be used to pay retirement benefits to retired employees. . Like the PBO, the pension plan assets are not reported separately in the employer’s balance sheet but are netted together with the PBO to report either a net pension asset (debit balance) or a net pension liability (credit balance).



















