Chapter 17 Flashcards
How does negative feedback regulate hormone secretion in the endocrine system?
Hormone inhibits the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary , decreasing hormone secretion
Hat is the relationship between guanylate cyclase and cGMP in cellular signalling?
Guanylate cyclase produces cGMP
What role do membranes -bound receptors play in hormone signaling?
Initiating intracellular singaling uprose hormone binding
What is the impact of decreased cAMP levels on cellular activities?
Inhibit cell activities
What happens during phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism in he liver?
Phase 1: reduced and hydroxylated phase 2: conjugated
What are the two main pathways for hormone action within a cell?
Membrane - bound and nuclear receptors
What I the primary function in the hormone metabolism and excretion
Modification and execration of hormones
What is the significance of the half-life of a hormone or drug in the bloodstream?
It determines the duration of the hormone or drug’s effect in the body
What is the significance of intracellular receptors for lipid-soluble hormones
They allow lipid-soluble hormones to bind to the surface of the cell
What is the definition of half-life int he contract of a drug?
The time required for the concentration of the active ingredient to be one-half
How do water-soluble hormones interact with target cells compared to lipid-soluble hormones?
Water soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, while lipid- voluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors
How does the half - life of an advertisement differ from a drug?
The half-life of an a drug is measured by concentration, while the half-life of an advertisement is measured by awareness
What is the importance of the hormone-response element in gene activations by nuclear receptors?
Is it the region of DNA where the hormone-receptor complex binds
What is the impact if chronic hormone secretion on the body’s metabolism
It results in relatively stable metabolic state
What distinguishes peptide hormones from protein Hormones
Protein hormones have longer amino acid chains that peptide hormones
What is the significance of intracellular receptors for lipid - soluble hormones?
They allow lipid-soluble hormones to directly influence gene expression
What is the definition of half-life in the context of a drug?
The time required for the concentration of the active ingredient to be reduced by one-half
How do water-soluble hormones interact with target cells compared to lipid- soluble hormones?
Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors, while lipids- soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors
What is the importance of the hormones- response element in gene activation by nuclear receptors?
It is the region of DNA where the hormones - receptor complex binds
What is the impact of chronic secretion on the body’s;s metabolism
It results in a relatively stable metabolic state
What distinguishes peptides hormones from protein hormones?
Protein hormones have longer amino acid chains than peptide hormones
How does the binding of estrogen to its receptor lead to cell proliferations in breast cancer cells?
Estrogen binding activates the receptor, which then binds to a coactivator protein inducing cell proliferation
How does the structure of insulin relate to its function as a hormone?
The two polypeptide chains connected by disulphide bonds are essential for its function as a hormone
How does the interaction of hormones with their receptors initiate a signaling cascade in target cells ?
By binding to receptors and altering the activity of intracellular enzymes or G proteins
What is the primary source or steroid hormones in the body?
Endocrine cells
What is the function of beta1 receptors in the heart?
Increases cardiac output
What is the trowel of the anterior pituitary gland in hormone secretion?
Secretes tropic hormones that simulate other endocrine cells
What is the process of auto phosphorylation in receptor tyrosine kinases like the insulin receptor
Hormone binding causes auto phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinases with the receptor
How do mutations interact hormone receptors potentially lead to diseases like morris syndrome?
By preventing the hormone from binding to the receptor
How does testosterone influence male development according to the diagrams discussed?
By binding to a receptors, leading to normal development
What is the fasting plasma glucose level indicated that someone is pre diabetic according to the American diabetes association?
100-125mg/dl
What effect does estrogen have on progesterone receptors in the uterus?
Increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus
What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland in hormone secretion?
Secretes tropic hormones that simulate other endocrine cells
Hoe does the testosterone influence male development according to the diagrams?
By binding to a receptor, leading to normal development
What fasting glucose level indicated that someone is pre diabetic according to the American diabetes association?
100-125 mg/ dl
What effect does estrogen have on progesterone receptors in the uterus?
Increases the number of,bear of progesterone in the uterus
What are the consequences of hormone - receptor complex formation in target cells?
Synthesize new proteins or enzymes
What cellular responses are triggered by water-soluble hormones interacting with their receptors
Phosphorylation or proteins, mitosis, cell growth, and activation of enzymes
What is the difference between agonists its and antagonists in hormonal therapy
Agonists stimulate the target cell, while antagonists inhibit it
What is the mechanism of action or g- protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Ligand binding activates a G proteins , which then activates an effector protein
How does salbutamol affect caMP levels in cells?
Increases cAMP levels
How do G-protein coupled receptors increase calcium levels in cells?
By activating phospholipids C, which lead to IP3 production and calcium release
How do smooth muscle cells increase calcium levels the airways respond during asthma attacks?
They contract narrowing the airways
