AI quiz Flashcards
which nervous structure provides sympathetic innervation to the sigmoid colon?
lumbar splanchnic nerves
from which two nerv es does the renal plexus recieve its sympathetic fibers?
least thoracic splanchnic nerve
lumbar splanchnic nerves
which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the right border of the heart , the diaphragmatic surface of the right ventricle and the right atrium
right coronary lymphatic trunk
brachiocephalic lymph nodes
the efferent vessels of which lymph nodes run superior to the heart and then drain directly into the thoracic duct
brachiocephalic lymph nodes
in comparison to the somatic nervous systems, what type of control does the autonomic nervous system provide?
involuntary
under which conditions does the sympathetic division become more active?
during physcial activity and stress
what characterizes the sympathetic nervous system’s preganglionic neurons?
they generally have short axons
what does increased activity in the sympathetic division primarily prepare the body for?
stress and physical activity
what effect does the parasympathetic division have on digestive activity?
it increases digestive processes
what happens to heart rate during sympathetic stimulation?
it increases
what is horner’s syndrome a result of?
damage to the sympathetic pathways of the head and neck
what is the primary function of the enteric nervous system?
to regulate digestive tract processes
what is the alternative name for the sympathetic division of the ANS
thoracolumbar division
what is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
to regulate unconscious activities like smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands
what is the role of afferent nerve fibers in the autonomic nervous system
to transmit sensory information to the CNS
what neurotransmitter is commonly associated with the activation of the sympathetic divsion
norepinepherine
what regulates the autonomic reflexes in the body?
interneurons within the autonomic ganglia
what type of fibers are responsible for transmitting visceral pain sensations to the central nervous system?
afferent fibers
what type if muscle does the ANS primarily influence?
cardiac muscle
where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located
in the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord
what cranial nerve is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division?
cranial nerve I
which division of the ANS is known as the rest and digest system?
parasympathetic
which nerve is primarily attributed to the parasympathetic division?
vagus nerve
which of the following is best characterizes postganglionic neurons
they synapse with effector organs
which of the following is an example of a visceral effector of the ANS
heart
which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily used in the parasympathetic division?
acetylcholine
which is not part of the peripheral autonomic nervous system?
spinous process
which structure is primarily responsible for heart rate regulation in the autonomic nervous system?
medulla
which structure serves as the gateway for preganglionic sympathetic fibers
white ramus communicans
how does the sympathetic nervous system generally affect the digestive processes
inhibits peristalsis and gastric secretion
in terms of neural pathway, how many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system
two
in which division of the autonomic nervous system would you find preganglionic fibers are long and postganglionic fibers that are short
parasympathetic
in which division of the autonomic nervous system would you find preganglionic fibers that are long and postganglionic fibers that are short
parasympathetic divsion
what function does the ciliary ganglion serve within the parasympathetic system?
regulates tear production
what is a major function of the parasympathetic divsion during resting conditions
increased digestion
what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder?
relaxes the bladder wall
what is the general effect of stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?
mydriasis
what is the major neurotransmitter involved in signalling though adrenergic receptors
norepinepherine
what is the primary effect of parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?
decreased heart rate
what is the role of the vagus nerve (X) within the parasympathetic nervous system
constricts bronchi
what nerurotransmitter is primarily released by adrenergic neurons
norepinepherine
what receptor subtype is found in target tissues of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
alpha-adrenergic
what system is responsible for unconscious regulation of smooth muscle , cardiac muscle, and glands?
autonomic nervous system
what type of receptor responds to norepinephrine in target tissues?
alpha-and beta- adrenergic
where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division located?
spinal cord lateral horns T1-L2
which area of the body received dual innervation form both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
cardiac muscle
which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the fight or flight response?
sympathetic divsion
which neruotransmitter is associate with enhancing digestions in the parasympathetic system?
acetylcholine
which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic nerurons?
acetylcholine
what is not an associated effect with the sympathetic nervous system activation?
decreased heart rate
which is typically a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
dialating bronchi
which of the following systems is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle control
somatic nervous system
which structure is primarily involved in the rest and digest response?
vagus nerve
which type of adrenergic receptor primarily mediates vasodilation?
beta -2
which type of receptor is associated with the actions of the acetylcholine in target tissues of the parasympathetic nervous system?
muscarinic
what are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
the two main divisions are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
the sympathetic nervous system
a division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the fight or flight response, increasing heart rate, dilating bronchi and inhibiting digestion
what is the primary neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
the primary neurotransmitter released by adrengenic neurons is norepinephrine
the parasympathetic system is
a division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and digest activities, lowering heart rate and promoting digestion
what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the pupils
the sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupils
homeostasis
a state of balance in the body that the autonomic nervous system helps maintain by regulating bodily functions according to activity levels
what is dual innervation in the context of the autonomic nervous system
dual intervention refers to the phenomenon where most organ receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
preganglionic neurons
neurons that extend from the central nervous system to an autonomic ganglion in the autonomic nervous system
name a nerve associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
the vagus nerve X is a key nerve associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
cholinergic neruons
neurons that release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system
what is the physiological role of the sympathetic nervous system during exercise?
the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscles, enhances glucose production and decreases digestion
adrenergic receptors
receptors that respond to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine, classified into alpha and beta subtypes
how does the parasympathetic nervous system affect digestion?
the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates digestions and promotes secretion of digestive enzymes
muscarinic receptors
a subtype of cholinergic receptors that respond to acetylcholine and are primarily found in target tissues of the parasympathetic nervous system
what is the main effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?
the sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate and the force of contractions
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons that primarily influences the sympathetic nervous system’s effects on target organs
which ganglia are involved in the sympathetic nervous system’s pathway?
the sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia are involved in the sympathetic nervous system’s pathway
the vagus nerve
the tenth cranial nerve, which carries parasympathetic fibers to many thoracic and abdominal organs
what is the function of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
alpha 1 adrenergic receptors primarily mediate vasoconstriction and increase peripheral resistance
ciliary ganglion
a cluster of neurons in the parasympathetic divsion that primarily innervates the eye controlling pupil constriction and lens shape
what role do beta -2 adrenergic receptors play in the lungs
beta-2 adrenergic receptors cause bronchodilation, which eases breathing
postganglionic neurons
neurons that extend from autonomic ganglia to target tissues int he autonomic nervous system
what happens to the urinary bladder during sympathetic activation
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system relaxes the bladder wall and contracts the internal urinary sphincter
nicotinic receptors
a subtype of cholinergic receptors found at the neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia that respond to acetylcholine
what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart rate?
the parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate
which of the following systems is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle control?
somatic nervous system
how do most medications that affect the autonomic nervous system function?
they bind to specific receptors to alter activity
how does sympathetic stimulation affect digestion?
it inhibits digestive functions
how does the enteric nervous system function in relation to the CNS
it operates exclusively without CNS control
what are the symptoms of raunauds disease?
cold sensitivity and color changes in extremities
what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
what are the types of adrenergic receptors
alpha and beta
what differentiates primary hyperhidrosis form secondary hyperhidrosis
primary hyperhidosis occurs without systemic diseases
what effect do alpha-adrenergic agent typically have?
vasoconstriction
what happens to blood pressure during a sympathetic response?
it increases
what is a common side effect of pupil-dialatin eyedrops?
blurred vision
what is atropine used for in context of the ANS
to block parasympathetic reflexes
what is biofeedback used for?
to monitor change and subconcious activities
what is the function of mucarinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
they inhibit heart rate
what is the primary effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart rate ?
it decreases heart rate
what is the role of the sympathetic division of the AND during stress?
increase cardiac ouput
what neurotranmitter is released by cholinergic neurons?
acetylcholine
what occurs during the fight or flight response?
energy reserves are mobilized
what triggers excessive sweating in primary hyperhidrosis
emotional stress and temperature changes
what type of receptors bind acetylcholine
cholinergic receptors
what types of durgs are muscarinic agents considered to be?
parasympathetic agents
which drug is specifically iused to treat chonic obstructive pulmonary disease?
ipratropium
which of the following describes nicotinic receptors?
they mediate excitatory responses
which part of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for rest and digest
parasympathetic divsion
which part of the brain regulates body temperature and integrations of ANS functions?
hypothalamus
what parts of the CNS influence autonomic functions
the cerebrum and limbic system, hypothalamus , brainstem and spinal cord
the cerebrum and limbic system
these structures can influence autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions thought thoughts and emotions, primarily via the hypothalamus
what is the role of the hypothalamus in the ANS
the hypothalamus serves as an integrating center for the ANS, regulating body temp and interacting with other CNS components
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the ANS that prepares the body for fight or flight responses increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles
cholinergic neurons
neurons that release acetylcholine including all preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
what neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons
acetylcholine is released by choloinergic neruons
what neurotransmitter is primarily released by adrenergic neurons
norepinephrine is primarily released by adrenergic neurons
adrenergic neurons
neurons that release norepinepheine; most are found in post ganglionic sympathetic fibers
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are the two types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic receptors
cholinergic receptors that bind acetylcholine, located on postganglionic neurons and associated with skeletal muscles
how do adrenergic receptors react to norepinepherine
adrenergic receptors can produce either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the specific effector tissue
muscarinic receptors
cholinergic receptors that are activated by acetylcholine found on parasympathetic target organs and some sympathetic
what is the difference between agonists and antagonists in terms of receptor action?
agonists bind to receptors and activate them, while antagonists bind and block receptor activation
agonists
drugs that bind to and activate specific receptor, mimicking the effects of neurotransmitters
what is the role of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
the sympathetic division prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations, often referred to as the fight or flight response
the parasympathetic nervous system
the division of ANS that conserves energy and promotes rest and digest functions, including slowing heart rate and increasing digestive activities
what are some effects of parasympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic stimulation can increase salivation, constrict pupils, decrease heart rate and stimulate digestion
autonomic relfexes
reflexes controlled by the ANS that regulate the activity of visceral organs, glands and blood vessels by adjusting smooth and cardiac muscle activities
autonomic reflexes
reflexes controlled by the ANS that regulate activity of visceral organs, glands, and blood vessels by adjusting smooth and cardiac muscle activities
which center of the brain has overall control over the ANS functions?
the hypothalamus has overall control of the autonomic nervous system
dual innervation
the condition where most organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, often with opposing effects
what is the significant of the fight or flight response
the fight or flight response enhances the body’s ability to respond to threats by increasing physiological parameters like heart rate and blood flow
biofeedback
a technique that uses monitoring devices to provide feedback on physical functions, allowing individuals to learn to control autonomic processes like heart rate and blood pressure
what impact to drugs that affect the ANS have on the body?
drugs can increase or decrease the activity of autonomic functions, significantly influencing bodily responses
direct acting drugs
medications that bind directly to ANS receptors to produce their effects, including agonists and antagonists
how does spinal cord injury affect the ANS
spinal cord injury can disrupt the control of autonomic neurons, affecting nerve function below the injury site while leaving some reflexes intact
how do hormones typically exert their effects on target cells?
by binding to specific receptors
in the context of the endocrine system, what does selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) refer to?
a drug that binds to estrogen receptors and can act as an agonist or antagonist
in which bodily function does glucagon primarily play a critical role?
enhancing blood glucose levels
what are hormones primarily classified as?
chemical messengers
what do agonists and antagonists affect in the context of hormones treatment
they can enhance or inhibit the action of hormones in their receptors
what do autocrine chemical messengers influence?
the same cell that secreted them
what do binding proteins do in relation to hormones
they transport hormones in the blood stream
what is a key function of the hormone insulin?
decreases blood glucose levels
what is an example of a second messenger in hormonal signaling?
calcium ions (Ca2+)
what is one way through which drugs for asthma work
by increasing cAMP levels in smooth muscle cells
what is the half-life of a hormone?
the time required for its concentration to be reduced by half
what is the primary function of G protein- coupled receptors?
to mediate signal transduction
what is the role of negative feedback in hormone regulation?
it inhibits further hormone production by the endocrine glands
what type of hormone action is exemplified by steroids entering the nucleus and affecting gene expression?
direct genomic action
what type of hormones are secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts?
neurotransmitters
which class of hormones included estrogen and testosterone
steroid hormones
which hormone has a significant role in regulating metabolism and growth
thyroid hormones
which hormone is considered a water-soluble hormone
insulin
which hormone is derived from lipid cholesterol?
testosterone
which best describes paracrine chemical messengers
they are produced by a single type of cell and act locally
which of the following can act as a hormone antagonist in great cancer treatment
tamoxifen
which is not a function of prostaglandins
promoting hair growth
which of the following is an example of a peptide hormone?
insulin
which reaction mechanism do lipid-soluble hormones typically utilze?
hormone-receptor complex binding to DNA
which type os reaction mechanism is utilized by insulin receptors?
autophosphorylation of tyrosine kinases
which type of receptors alter the activity of G proteins upon hormone binding?
membrane-bound receptors
amino acid hormones
hormones that are composed of amino acids with modified groups, such as norepinephrine
what are hormones?
hormones are organic substances produces in small amounts by specific tissues ( endocrine glands) and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activites in target cells
what is an example of a peptide hormone
oxytocin is an example of peptide hormone
protein hormones
hormones consisting of long chains of linked amino acids, such as human growth hormone and testosterone
what are steroid hormones derived from?
steroid hormones are derived from lipid cholesterol
Autocrine chemical messenger
a type of chemical messenger secreted by ells in a local area that influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted, such as eicosanoids
what is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?
autocrine signling influences the same cells that secretes the messenger, while paracrine signaling affects nearby tissues
endocrine signaling
signaling where hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by specialized cells, influencing target tissues at a distance
what characterizes water-soluble hromones?
water- soluble hormones are polar and includes proteins, peptides, and amino acid derivatives.
lipid-soluble hormones
nonpolar hormones that include steroids, amino acid derivatives, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivatives
lipid-soluble hormones
non-polar hormones that include steroids, amino acid derivatives, thyroid hormones and fatty acid derivatives
what is the role of binding proteins in hormone transport
binding proteins help in the transport and circulation of water- soluble and lipid-soluble hormones int he bloodstream
negative feedback in hormone regulation
a mechanism where the secretion of a hormone is inhibited by the hom=rmone itself or by the effects it produces, maintaining homeostasis
what is the half-life of a hormone?
the half- life of a hormone is the time required for the concentration of the active ingredient to be reduced by on-half in the blood stream
lipid soluble hormone mechanism of action
lipid- soluble hormones enter target cells and bind to nuclear receptors, leading to the activation of gene expression and protein synthesis
what are the main effects of adrenal hormones on target cells?
adrenal hormones, such as epinephrine, can influence a variety of physiological effects, including metabolism and cardiovascular response
G protein coupled receptors
receptors that mediate the effects of water-soluble hormones that involve second messenger hormones and involve second messenger systems to exert cellular responses
what role do second messenger play in hormone signaling?
second messengers amplify the signal from a hormone and intitiate a cellular response, such as changes in enzyme activity or gene expression
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
medications like tamoxifen that can act as antagonists or agonists depending on the tissue type, particularly used in breast cancer therapy
what is the significance of receptor specificity in hormone action?
receptor specificity ensures that hormones only affect particular target cells that express the appropriate receptors, leading to precise physiological responses
insulin mechanism of action
insulin binds to its receptor, activating signalling pathways that promote glucose uptake, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
what is an agonist in hormone signaling?
an agonist is a substance that activate a receptor to produce a biological response, mimicking the action of the naturally occurring hormone
agonist in hormone signaling
an antagonist is a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking the action of the hormone
what commons second messenger is involved in hormone signaling?
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a common second messenger involved in transmitting signals from water- soluble hormones
phosphorylation
a process by which a phosphate group is added to a protein or other organic molecule, often modifying its function and activity in cellular signaling
how does the body respond to elevated blood glucose levels?
the body responds to elevated blood glucose by secreting insulin, which promotes glucose uptake by cells and lowers blood sugar levels
