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Physiology > Chapter 17 & 18 Cardiovascular Regulation Handout > Flashcards

Chapter 17 & 18 Cardiovascular Regulation Handout Flashcards

0
Q

2 phases of local blood flow control

A
  1. Acute control

2. Long term control

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1
Q

What are some specific needs of the tissues for blood flow?

A
  1. Delivery of O2 to tissues
  2. Delivery of other nutrients (glucose, AA, FA)
  3. Removal of CO2 from tissues
  4. Removal of hydrogen ions from tissues
  5. Maintenance of proper concentrations of other ions in tissues
  6. Transport of barious hormones and other substances to different tissues
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2
Q

This type of local blood flow control is achieved by rapid changes in local vasodilation or vasoconstriction of the arterioles, metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters, occuring within seconds to minutes to provide very rapid maintenance of appropriate local tissue blood flow.

A

Acute control

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3
Q

A phase of local blood control wherein There is slow controlled changes in flow over a period of days, weeks, or even months.

A

Long-term control

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4
Q

What are the reflex mechanisms for normal BP?

A
  1. Baroreceptor reflex
  2. Chemoreceptor reflex
  3. Volume reflex
  4. Bainbridge reflex
  5. Cushing reaction
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5
Q

Most important endothelium-derived vasodilator substance

A

Nitric Oxide

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6
Q

What does the chemoreceptors sense?

A
  1. O2 lack
  2. CO2 excess
  3. H+ excess (low flow from nutrient artery)
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7
Q

What will happen to the BP when you clamp both carotid arteries?

A

Increase

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8
Q

What is the cushing’s triad?

A

Increased ICP
Increased BP
Bradycardia

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9
Q

It is a requirement for smooth muscle contraction in vessels

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What vitamin is involved in oxygen-induced phosphorylation to produce ATP in cells?

A

Vitamin B (thiamin, niacin,riboflavin)

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11
Q

True or False:

Decrease in Vitamin B and other nutrients resultto decreased smooth muscle activity and consequently vasodilation.

A

True

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12
Q

Two basic theories for the regulation of local blood flow when either the rate of tissue metabolism changes or the availability of O2 changes.

A
  1. Vasodilator Theory

2. Oxygen Lack Theory

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13
Q

According to this theory, the greater the rate of metabolism or the less availability of O2 or some other nutrient to a tissue, the greater the rate of formation of vasodilator substances in the tissue cells.

A

Vasodilator Theory

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15
Q

O2 lack theory is also known as…

A

Nutrient Lack Theory

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16
Q

What are examples of vasodilator substances?

A 
CO2
Adenosine Phosphate Coompunds
Histamine
K ions
H+ ions
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17
Q

A disease caused by vitamin B deficiency

A

Beriberi

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18
Q

Special mechanism involved in metabolic control of local blood flow

A
  1. Reactive hyperemia (blood supply to tissue is blocked for a few seconds to as long as an hour or more)
  2. Active hyperemia (when tissues become highly active - exercise)
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19
Q

Return of blood flow after an acute rise from sudden increase in arterial pressure

A

Autoregulation

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20
Q

Most important local vasodilator for controlling local blood flow

A

Adenosine

21
Q

What are the 2 mechanism in autoregulation?

A
  1. Metabolic theory (excess flow of nutrient –> vasoconstriction)
  2. Myogenic theory ( vascular stretch –> inc ca+ entry –> vasoconstriction)
    * metabolic factors can override myogenic mechanisms in dramatic alterations
22
Q

Where is the myogenic response more pronounced?

A

Arterioles

23
Q

Myogenic response is initiated by ____

A

Stretch-induced vascular depolarization

24
Q

This autoregulation mechanism is important in preventing excessive stretch of BV when BP is increased

A

Myogenic mechanism

25
Q

True or False:

The level of excitability of the brain is highly dependent on exact control of both Co2 & H+ ion concentration

A

True

26
Q

Half life of nitric oxide

A

6 seconds

27
Q

Stimulus for secretion of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

A

Continued lack of O2

28
Q

Vasoconstrictor Agents

A 
NE
Eponephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin
Endothelium
29
Q

A potent vasoconstrictor created in the adrenal medulla

A

Norepinephrine

30
Q

A less potent vasoconstrictor which can even cause VASODILATION

A

Epinephrine

31
Q

Very potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles

A

Angiotensin II

32
Q

A vasocontrictor more powerful than angiotensin II. It is formed in nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the brain. PPG secretes this.

*major function: water reabsorption from the renal tubules back into the blood

A

Vasopressin / Antidiuretic hormone

33
Q

Vasodilator Agents

A

Bradykinin

Histamine

34
Q

Vasodilator prominent in allergic reactions

A

Histamine

35
Q

A vasodilator which regulates blood flow in skin, salivary glands and GI glands

A

Bradykinin

36
Q

The most important part of the ANS for regulating the circulation

A

Synoathetic Nervous System

37
Q

Part of the ANS which regulates heart function

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

38
Q

Where is the vasomotor center located?

A

Located bilaterally mainly in the reticular substance of the medulla and of the lower third of the pons

39
Q

True or False:

The vasomotor center can either increase or decrease heart activity.

A

True

40
Q

True or False:

Heart rate & strength of contraction
Increase - vasoconstriction
Decrease - vasodilation

A

True

41
Q

True or False:

The nervous control of arterial pressure is by far the most rapid of all our mechnisms for pressure control

A

True

42
Q

This reflex mechanism for normal BP is initiated by stretch receptors

A

Baroreceptor Reflex

43
Q

Barorecptors are extremely abundant in?

A
  1. Carotid artery specifically in the carotid sinus

2. Wall of aortic arch

44
Q

True or False:

The baroreceptors respond much more to a rapidly changing pressure than to a stationary pressure.

A

True

45
Q

Primary purpose of the arterial baroreceptor system

A

Reduce minute-by-minute variation in arterial pressure

to about 1/3 that which would occur if the baroreceptor system was not present

46
Q

It is not a powerful controller until BP reaches below 80 mmHg.
It is at lower pressures that this reflex becomes important to help prevent further decreases in arterial pressure

A

Chemoreceptor Reflex

47
Q

True or False:

Vasomotor center

Vasoconstrictor area - anterolateral portions of UPPER MEDULLA

A

True

48
Q

True or False:

Vasomotor center

Vasodilator area - anterolateral portions of LOWER HALF OF MEDULLA

A

True

49
Q

True or False:

Vasomotor center

Sensory area - tractus solitarius

A

True

Physiology (4 decks)

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