Chapter 17 - 18

Question 1

Qualitative data analysis

Answer 1

is aimed at making valid inferences from the often overwhelming amount of collected data

Question 2

Steps of qualitative data analysis:

Answer 2

1. data reduction: the process of selecting, coding and categorizing the data
2. data display: ways of presenting the data
3. drawing and verifying conclusions: based on patterns in the reduced set of data

Question 3

coding

Answer 3

the analytic process through which the qualitative data that you have gathered are reduced, rearranged, and integrated to form a theory

Question 4

codes:

Answer 4

are labels given to units of text which are later grouped and turned into categories

Question 5

coding unit:

Answer 5

choose the unit of analysis—eg words, sentences, paragraphs, themes

Question 6

categorization

Answer 6

the process of organizing, arranging, and classifying coding units

Question 7

grounded theory

Answer 7

where there is no theory available, you must generate codes, and categories inductively from the data

Question 8

data display

Answer 8

taking your reduced data and displaying them in an organized, condensed manner

Question 9

category reliability

Answer 9

the extent to which judges are able to use category definitions to classify the qualitative data

Question 10

interjudge reliabilty

Answer 10

% of coding agreements out of the total number of coding decisions

• agreement rates at or above 80% are considered to be satisfactory

Question 11

validity in qualitative reseach

Answer 11

• accurately represent the collected data (internal)
• can be generalized or transferred to other contexts or settings (external)

Question 12

how to know if it is valid

Answer 12

supporting generalization by counts of events

ensuring representatives of cases and the inclusion of deviant cases

• the selection of deviant cases provides a strong test of your theory!

Question 13

content analysis

Answer 13

an observational research method that is used to systematically evaluate the symbolic content of all forms of recorded communication

-establishes the existence and frequency of concepts in text

Question 14

relational analysis

Answer 14

builds on conceptual analysis by examining the relationships among concepts in the text

Question 15

narrative analysis

Answer 15

a approach that aims to elicit and scrutinize the stories we tell ourselves and their implications for our lives

Question 16

analytic induction

Answer 16

an approach where universal explanations of phenomenon one sought by the collection of data until no cases that are inconsistent with a hypothetical explanation of a phenomenon are found

Question 17

big data

Answer 17

a term used to describe the exponential growth and availability of data from digital sources inside and outside the organization

• defined by its volume, variety, and velocity

Question 18

conclusions

Answer 18

conclusions represent your informed judgement with regard to (how) the organizational problem (can best be solved)

• culmination of research project
• can be applied to inform evidence based decision making

Question 19

argumentation

Answer 19

a conclusion (or claim)– which is the main point the argument is trying to establish

premises (the evidence)— which support the conclusion

Question 20

if the premises are true…

Answer 20

then the conclusion must be true

• in such cases the argument is said to be valid

Question 21

Amplitive (or inductive) arguments

Answer 21

• in real life, most arguments are not deductive
• the relationship between the premises and conclusion is less than perfect
• could be either good or bad

Question 22

Toulmin’s Model

Answer 22

takes the conclusion as a starting point and emphasizes that conclusions are often based on probability (strong relationships) rather than on certainty (perfect relationships)

Question 23

when is Toulmin’s model useful?

Answer 23

when arguments are amplitive (inductive)

• conclusion and premises are less than perfect

Question 24

6 constituent parts of the Toulmin model

Answer 24

1. the conclusion
2. the premise
3. the warrant
4. a backing
5. qualifiers
6. counter arguments

Question 25

a warrant

Answer 25

bridges the gap between the conclusion and premises - explains why the evidence supports the conclusion

Question 26

a backing

Answer 26

needed when the warrant itself is not convincing enough - explains why the warrant is a rational one

Question 27

qualifiers

Answer 27

adds nuance and specificity to the argument and account for counter arguments

Question 28

counter arguments

Answer 28

addresses objections to the conclusion and/or recognize the restrictions which may be applied to the conclusion

Question 29

what are the essential parts of the argument vs the non essential parts

Answer 29

esential: conclusion, premises, warrant non-essential: a backing, qualifiers, counter arguments

Question 30

Fallacies

Answer 30

- alleged certainty - appeal to common belief - argument by reputation - blind authority argument - begging to question (cicular reasoning - cherry picking - does not follow - false cause - hasty generalization - regression to the mean - sunk-cost fallacy