Chapter 17 Flashcards
Cottage industry
Manufacturing with hand tools in peasants homes, grew marginally in the 1700s
Enclosure
Villages natural pastureland fenced into indivisible shares. Led to technical progress.
Cornelius Vermuyden
Dutch engineer specializing in land reclamation from the sea.
Why were the Dutch leaders in agriculture
Densely populated cities. Need for employment and food.
Jethro Tull
English innovator. Pushed for using horses instead of oxen, using drilling equipment (seed drill) to spread seeds, and Selective breeding.
Proletarianization
In England, the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farms into landless rural wage earners
Dutch Land reclamation
Reclaiming land from the sea. Building enclosures of water and draining them. Introduced to England by Cornelius Vermuyden.
Putting out system
Merchants loaned or “put out” materials to peasants and in return received finished products.
Pre science rev. What % of population was producing food
80%
Famine food
Dandelions, bark, grass
Open field system
Village jointly farmed and rotated three fields to let land rest. (Fallow field)
The gleaners
People going through already picked fields and collecting what’s left
Agricultural revolution
Crop rotation or “elimination of the fallow” better farming, more food for animals, bigger herds, more meat, better diets. More animals more manure, better crops.
Enclosure movement
Started in England. Need closed off fields for crop rotation experimentation. The poor moved off the land. Poor and nobility strongly apposed this.
Verymuyden, man made channeling in England
Bring in Dutch scientists
Selective breeding
Led to a 300% food increase in production from 1700 to 1870 in england
Market oriented farming
Planting what makes money
Landless proletariat
Working class
Economic shift
From Mediterranean to Atlantic
European exploration
Reasons to expand
More resources
Population pressure
Europe power shift
Power shift to north west
Mercantilism
Colbert, export more than import. British gave internal markets advantage and grew the middle class.
Lord protector
Oliver Cromwell, dictator of English during the civil war. Protected the middle class.
Navigation acts
British good can only be carried on British ships
Anglo-Dutch war
Dutch navel fleet pushed out of trade by navigation acts. Results in conflict between British and Dutch. British win. British markets start to be iced out due to Anglo Dutch war. British focus on colonial trade
War of Spanish succession
France had been expanding in the 17th century. Such as Alsace. French and Spanish monarchy couldn’t unite. English were gifted some eastern Canadian territories from the French.
French wars
Keep losing to British.
7 yrs
Aust succession
War of Spanish succession
British economic dominate power
End of Anglo Dutch war to end of ww1
Triangle trade
Trade through the Atlantic
Debt Peonage
Keep native workers kept in debt
Atlantic trade
Sugar is the biggest product. Slave trade.
1807 British
Due to enlightenment ideas, Slavery is abolished by British parliament
Spanish/french Caribbean colonies and brazil
More mixed race.
French only men migrated and often married local people.
British colonies
Whole families migrated. Led to segregation.
