Chapter 17

Question 0

Uniqueness of Britain

Answer 0

Free trade system

Religious toleration

Question 1

Two most important influences on the Enlightenment

Answer 1

John Locke

Isaac Newton

Question 2

Britain’s influence on the Enlightenment

Answer 2

Freest nation in the world

Freedom of speech and print

Question 3

Print Culture

Answer 3

Increase in written materials

• increased literacy
• secularism

Question 4

Public opinion

Answer 4

Phenomenon created by print culture

Consequence for government- they viewed it as a threat

Question 5

Votaries views and literary works on Britain

Answer 5

The Letters on the English; advanced politically, socially, economically

Question 6

Voltaire’s literary works

Answer 6

Candide- critical or unwarranted optimism

Question 7

Philosophes criticism of the Christian church

Answer 7

Their belief in original sin; it discouraged people
Intolerant of other religions 
Root of many wars
Assumed major role in politics
Life after, not life now

Question 8

Ethics

Answer 8

Buruk Spinosa; relationship of God and nature, they’re exactly the same, God=everything

Question 9

Moses Mendelssohn

Answer 9

Jewish socraty, fonder of reformed Judaism, similation

Question 10

Pascals view of Islam

Answer 10

Promiscuous, dangerous

Question 11

The Encyclopedia

Answer 11

Diderot, d’Alembert
philosophes
religion, politics, economy, social, etc.
influenced ideas of Enlightenment more than any other work

Question 12

On Crimes and Punishments

Answer 12

Beccaria; punishment should fit crime,
justice system should stop playing role of God
Utilitarian

Question 13

Adam Smith

Answer 13

In favor of abolishing Mercantilism

Laissez-faire, “hands off”

Question 14

Beliefs of physiocrats

Answer 14

Mercantilism = bad
Laissez-faire = good

Question 15

Rousseau

Answer 15

Human nature = selfish
Evil came from unequal distribution of property 
Women had specific roles (inferior) 
Community over individual
Precedes communism

Question 16

Injustices for criticism of Imperialism

Answer 16

1) treatment of Native Americans
2) treatment of Africans (slaves)
3) conquest of Americas

Question 17

Views of Herder

Answer 17

Cultural relativism

Question 18

Montesquieu

Answer 18

Spirit of the Laws
Separation of powers
Limited monarchy
England = model

Question 19

Philosophes views on women

Answer 19

Reform for women

They weren’t feminists

Question 20

Neoclassical Art

Answer 20

Renaissance/humanistic
Didactic
French Revolution drawn from this
Jacques Louis David

Question 21

Rococo Art

Answer 21

Preceded Neoclassical
Aristocracy (France)
Pastel colors
Lavish
Artistic style of Louis VX
Hall in Bavaria

Question 22

Frederick the Great

Answer 22

“First servant to the state”
Promotion by merit
Religious toleration
Administrative/ economic reform

Question 23

Catherine the Great

Answer 23

Limited administrative reform
Economic growth
Territorial expansion

Question 24

Joseph II

Answer 24

Religious toleration
Economic reform
Centralization of Authority
Peasant have freedom
Landlords don't have as much power

Question 25

Catherine the Great and the nobility

Answer 25

Friended them

Supported their rights and power

Question 26

Catherine the Great and territorial aspirations

Answer 26

Wanted warm water ports

Went to war with the Turks

Question 27

Gotthold Lessing

Answer 27

“Nathan the Wise”; represents relationships between religions
German, critical of Christianity and no toleration

Question 28

Adam Smith’s four stage theory

Answer 28

1) hunter/ gatherer
2) pastoral herding
3) agricultural
4) commercialization

Question 29

Deists Crees

Answer 29

N afterlife dependent upon the existence of a rational God and ones earthly actions