Chapter 15 Flashcards
English game laws
- Landowners could hunt game
- Poor poached for food
- Others could hunt game, but landowners still owned it
Old Regime
1) Aristocratic Elite
2) Established churches
3) Urban labor force
4) Rural peasantry
Concerns of married women in the 18th century
Pregnancy
Facts about children in the 18th century
- Not always welcomed; caused sickness and poverty
* Foundling hospitals
Innovations and contributors to the Agricultural Revolution
- Jethro Tull; iron plow and seed drill
- Charles Townsend; fertilizer + crop rotation
- Robert Backen; selective breeding
The Consumer Revolution
Causes; Disposable income
Marketing
Fashion
Josiah Wedgwood
Effects; Challenged social norms
Capitalist economyPioneering industry of the Industrial Revolution
Textile industry
Water Frame
1769; Richard Arkwright, used in rural factory, powered by water
Spinning Jenny
1765; James Hargreaves, increases amount of thread to 120 spindles
Flying Shuttle
1730’s; John Kay, increased amount of woven cloth
The Power Loom
1780’s; Edmund Cartwright, urban factories, powered by steam
Uses of the steam engine
Mining, cotton mills, agriculture, steam ship, steam locomotive
Characteristics of the aristocracy
1-5% if population
Social, political, economic power
Wealthy
French nobility
“Of the sword”- military
“Of the robe”- bureaucracy/ bought
Hobereaux- provincial nobility
Nobility of Europe
Power over peasantry
Exempt from taxes
Protection of right/ property
Aristocratic Resurgence
Preserved exclusiveness
Resist power of monarchies
Use existing institutions against monarchies
Improve financial provision
Family economy
Depend in father, father = breadwinner
Worked on farm/ for food
Everyone worked- benefit household
Bread prices
Prices rose steadily caused by population rise
Dutch agricultural methods
Drained marshes for fields
Europe’s population from 1700-1800
Population explosion
100 –> 260 (million)
Open field system
Divided land into strips
Shared by community
Fallow (inactive periods)
Inventors of the steam engine
Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Henry Cort and Iron production
1794; new smelting process
1870; 4 million tons produced/year
Putting out system of textile production
Wool –> thread –> cotton
Factories replaced cottages/ homes
Reasons for England being the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
London Colonization Free trade Raw resources Political stability Banking Social mobility
Impacts of Industrial and Agricultural revolutions on women
Jobs replaced
Wages decreased
Joined domestic services
Locations of main Jewish populations
Eastern Europe- "Ghettos" Poland Lithuania Ukraine
