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AP Chemistry > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the driving force for a spontaneous process?

A

Increase in entropy of the universe

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2
Q

In any spontaneous process there is always?

A

An increase in entropy of the universe

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3
Q

Entropy changes in the surroundings are primarily determined by?

A

heat flow

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4
Q

the impact of heat transferring from the surroundings will be greater at?

A

lower temperatures

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5
Q

A process at constant temperature and pressure is spontaneous only when?

A

ΔG is negative

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6
Q

When a reaction involves gaseous molecules, the change in positional entropy is dominated by?

A

the number of molecules of products and reactants.

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7
Q

gaseous products > gaseous reactants.

positional entropy______
ΔS is _______

A

positional entropy increases
ΔS is positive

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8
Q

gaseous products < gaseous reactants.

positional entropy______
ΔS is _______

A

positional entropy decreases
ΔS is negative

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9
Q

the equilibrium position represents what?

A

the lowest free energy value available to a reaction system.

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10
Q

The maximum amount of useful work is equal to?

A

ΔG (change in free energy)

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11
Q

Achieving maximum work can only be achieved via hypothetical pathway because?

A

Any real pathways waste energy.

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12
Q

In any real cyclic process (beginning and end have same result) in the system work is changed to what and where?

A

heat in the surroundings

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13
Q

In any real cyclic process in the system, the entropy of the universe?

A

increases

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14
Q

As we use energy what happens?

A

we degrade its usefulness

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15
Q

What does 1st law of thermodynamic not tell us?

A

Why something happens in the direction it does

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16
Q

in thermodynamics entropy tells us?

A

the # of arrangements or micro states in a system

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17
Q

positional entropy

A

the probability of a particular state depending on number of ways arrangement can be obtained

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18
Q

the entropy of the universe is increasing but energy is?

A

constant

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19
Q

for anything to be spontaneous the entropy of the universe must be?

A

positive

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20
Q

ΔS universe +
Entropy _____
Process is _____

A

increasing
spontaneous

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21
Q

ΔS universe -
Entropy ______
Process is _____

A

decreasing
non-spontaneous in desired direction

22
Q

ΔS is 0

A

equilibrium is reached

23
Q

Magnitude of ΔS surroundings is dependent on?

A

temperature

24
Q

Exothermic
ΔS surr _____
ΔS universe ____

A

+,-

25
Q

Endothermic
ΔS surr _____
ΔS universe ____

A

-
+

26
Q

ΔH -
TΔS +
ΔG?

A

-
(spontaneous)

27
Q

ΔH?
TΔS +
ΔG -

A

-

28
Q

ΔH -
TΔS?
ΔG -

A

+

28
Q

ΔH-
TΔS -
ΔG?

A

spontaneous if ΔH is greater than TΔS (low temperature)

29
Q

ΔH +
TΔS +
ΔG?

A

spontaneous if TΔS is greater than ΔH (high temperature)

30
Q

ΔH +
TΔS -
ΔG?

A

+ (non- spontaneous)

31
Q

Third law of thermodynamics

A

The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K is zero

32
Q

What is the main idea behind the third law of thermodynamics?

A

there is absolute order/ no disorder since everything is in perfect position.

33
Q

the more negative ΔG value,what direction does the reaction shift?

A

to the right to achieve equilibrium

34
Q

Entropy depends on what?

A

volume and pressure

35
Q

K= 1

A

equilibrium

36
Q

K<1,where does reaction shift?

A

shift to left

37
Q

K >1

A

shift to right

38
Q

if shifting to the left it is _____ favored?

A

reactant

39
Q

If shifting to the right it is ______ favored?

A

product

40
Q

Equilibrium is not always ____ for thermodynamics?

A

half & half

41
Q

If ΔG is zero it means?

A

free energy of products and reactants are equal

42
Q

ΔG < 0, then k is?

A

> 1

43
Q

ΔG > 0, then k is?

A

<1

44
Q

if k is 1 then pressure is?

A

1 atm

45
Q

If ΔG is <0, it meanswhat about standard energy?

A

standard energy of the products is less than the standard energy of the reactants

46
Q

Since products has less free energy the shift must be?

A

right (product favored)

47
Q

ΔG < 0
product pressure _____
reactant pressure ____

A

greater than 1atm
less than 1 atm

48
Q

If reactants have lower free energy, then shift must be?

A

left (reactant favored)

49
Q

equilibrium shifts from?

A

high energy to low energy

50
Q

ΔG > 0
reactant pressure _____
product pressure ______

A

> 1 atm
< 1 atm

51
Q

Free energy

A

energy available to do work

AP Chemistry (16 decks)

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