Chapter 17

Question 1

What is the driving force for a spontaneous process?

Answer 1

Increase in entropy of the universe

Question 2

In any spontaneous process there is always?

Answer 2

An increase in entropy of the universe

Question 3

Entropy changes in the surroundings are primarily determined by?

Answer 3

heat flow

Question 4

the impact of heat transferring from the surroundings will be greater at?

Answer 4

lower temperatures

Question 5

A process at constant temperature and pressure is spontaneous only when?

Answer 5

ΔG is negative

Question 6

When a reaction involves gaseous molecules, the change in positional entropy is dominated by?

Answer 6

the number of molecules of products and reactants.

Question 7

gaseous products > gaseous reactants.

positional entropy______
ΔS is _______

Answer 7

positional entropy increases
ΔS is positive

Question 8

gaseous products < gaseous reactants.

positional entropy______
ΔS is _______

Answer 8

positional entropy decreases
ΔS is negative

Question 9

the equilibrium position represents what?

Answer 9

the lowest free energy value available to a reaction system.

Question 10

The maximum amount of useful work is equal to?

Answer 10

ΔG (change in free energy)

Question 11

Achieving maximum work can only be achieved via hypothetical pathway because?

Answer 11

Any real pathways waste energy.

Question 12

In any real cyclic process (beginning and end have same result) in the system work is changed to what and where?

Answer 12

heat in the surroundings

Question 13

In any real cyclic process in the system, the entropy of the universe?

Answer 13

increases

Question 14

As we use energy what happens?

Answer 14

we degrade its usefulness

Question 15

What does 1st law of thermodynamic not tell us?

Answer 15

Why something happens in the direction it does

Question 16

in thermodynamics entropy tells us?

Answer 16

the # of arrangements or micro states in a system

Question 17

positional entropy

Answer 17

the probability of a particular state depending on number of ways arrangement can be obtained

Question 18

the entropy of the universe is increasing but energy is?

Answer 18

constant

Question 19

for anything to be spontaneous the entropy of the universe must be?

Answer 19

positive

Question 20

ΔS universe +
Entropy _____
Process is _____

Answer 20

increasing
spontaneous

Question 21

ΔS universe -
Entropy ______
Process is _____

Answer 21

decreasing
non-spontaneous in desired direction

Question 22

ΔS is 0

Answer 22

equilibrium is reached

Question 23

Magnitude of ΔS surroundings is dependent on?

Answer 23

temperature

Question 24

Exothermic
ΔS surr _____
ΔS universe ____

Answer 24

+,-

Question 25

Endothermic ΔS surr _____ ΔS universe ____

Answer 25

- +

Question 26

ΔH - TΔS + ΔG?

Answer 26

- (spontaneous)

Question 27

ΔH? TΔS + ΔG -

Answer 27

-

Question 28

ΔH - TΔS? ΔG -

Answer 28

+

Question 28

ΔH- TΔS - ΔG?

Answer 28

spontaneous if ΔH is greater than TΔS (low temperature)

Question 29

ΔH + TΔS + ΔG?

Answer 29

spontaneous if TΔS is greater than ΔH (high temperature)

Question 30

ΔH + TΔS - ΔG?

Answer 30

+ (non- spontaneous)

Question 31

Third law of thermodynamics

Answer 31

The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K is zero

Question 32

What is the main idea behind the third law of thermodynamics?

Answer 32

there is absolute order/ no disorder since everything is in perfect position.

Question 33

the more negative ΔG value,what direction does the reaction shift?

Answer 33

to the right to achieve equilibrium

Question 34

Entropy depends on what?

Answer 34

volume and pressure

Question 35

K= 1

Answer 35

equilibrium

Question 36

K<1,where does reaction shift?

Answer 36

shift to left

Question 37

K >1

Answer 37

shift to right

Question 38

if shifting to the left it is _____ favored?

Answer 38

reactant

Question 39

If shifting to the right it is ______ favored?

Answer 39

product

Question 40

Equilibrium is not always ____ for thermodynamics?

Answer 40

half & half

Question 41

If ΔG is zero it means?

Answer 41

free energy of products and reactants are equal

Question 42

ΔG < 0, then k is?

Answer 42

>1

Question 43

ΔG > 0, then k is?

Answer 43

<1

Question 44

if k is 1 then pressure is?

Answer 44

1 atm

Question 45

If ΔG is <0, it meanswhat about standard energy?

Answer 45

standard energy of the products is less than the standard energy of the reactants

Question 46

Since products has less free energy the shift must be?

Answer 46

right (product favored)

Question 47

ΔG < 0 product pressure _____ reactant pressure ____

Answer 47

greater than 1atm less than 1 atm

Question 48

If reactants have lower free energy, then shift must be?

Answer 48

left (reactant favored)

Question 49

equilibrium shifts from?

Answer 49

high energy to low energy

Question 50

ΔG > 0 reactant pressure _____ product pressure ______

Answer 50

> 1 atm < 1 atm

Question 51

Free energy

Answer 51

energy available to do work