Chapter 12

Question 1

Chemical kinematics

Answer 1

The study of the speed that reactants are converted to products in a chemical reaction.

Question 2

Factors that have a role in the speed of a reaction and its effectiveness

Answer 2

state of matter, particle size, temperature, concentration, presence of catalyst

Question 3

Spontaneity is not related to?

Answer 3

speed

Question 4

Spontaneity

Answer 4

a measurement of possibility that the reaction will happen at the current conditions

Question 5

What is maintained when a reactant is converted into a product in a chemical reaction?

Answer 5

stoichiometry ratio

Question 6

Reaction rate is based on?

Answer 6

a change in concentration over time

Question 7

Rate always _______ with time

Answer 7

decreases

Question 8

Why do expressions involving reactants have negative values?

Answer 8

because rate always decreases with time

Question 9

Calculated rates will always have?

Answer 9

positive values

Question 10

Rates do not have to be?

Answer 10

constant

Question 11

Rates follow an?

Answer 11

pattern or predictable pathway

Question 12

The reverse reaction affects?

Answer 12

the rate of change in concentrations

Question 13

If we take the reverse reaction into consideration, the overall change in concentration depends on?

Answer 13

the difference in the rates of the forward and reverse reaction

Question 14

What is the issue when looking at reverse reactions?

Answer 14

where to study the reactions when looking to calculate a rate law

Question 15

To avoid confusion, we study the rate of a reaction under what kind of conditions?

Answer 15

where the reverse reaction is negligible

Question 16

The rate law depends on?

Answer 16

REACTANTS ONLY

Question 17

Rates will be ______ rates.

Answer 17

instantaneous

Question 18

instantaneous rates will be measured at a time where?

Answer 18

the reverse reaction has not contributed to the overall rate

Question 19

In the rate equation, O order means?

Answer 19

there is a catalyst

Question 20

The rate equation is _____ dependent.

Answer 20

reactant

Question 21

In the rate equation, the order of the reactant is determined how?

Answer 21

experimentally via data and calculations

Question 22

In the rate equation, k is?

Answer 22

the proportionality constant or rate constant.

Question 23

In the rate equation, n is?

Answer 23

the order of the reactant

Question 24

In the rate equation, the integer value can be?

Answer 24

0 or even a fraction.

Question 25

What are the types of rate laws?

Answer 25

differential and integrated

Question 26

differential rate law is also called?

Answer 26

rate law

Question 27

differential rate law involves only?

Answer 27

reactant concentrations

Question 28

integrated rate law involves only?

Answer 28

time and entire reaction

Question 29

differential rate law

Answer 29

expresses how the rate of a reaction is dependent on the concentration of the elements or compounds in the experiment.

Question 30

integrated rate law

Answer 30

expresses how the concentration of a species in a reaction changes with time.

Question 31

species

Answer 31

reactant or product

Question 32

choice of rate law type depends on?

Answer 32

what data is easiest to collect.

Question 33

the value of n also tells us?

Answer 33

what power to raise the law to

Question 34

3 options of integrated rate law?

Answer 34

0, 1, 2

Question 35

reaction mechanism

Answer 35

series of steps a reaction takes

Question 36

2 key components of a reaction mechanism

Answer 36

must use a balanced equation and mechanisms have to match the rate law

Question 37

intermediates

Answer 37

elements or compounds formed and consumed during a reaction that do not make it in the final equation.

Question 38

When looking at rate orders you should not pay attention to?

Answer 38

stoichiometry ratio

Question 39

elementary steps

Answer 39

unfinished reaction mechanism

Question 40

molecularity

Answer 40

the number of species that must collide to produce the reaction indicated by that step

Question 41

unimolecular step

Answer 41

a reaction involving 1 molecule

Question 42

bimolecular step

Answer 42

a reaction involving the collisions of two species

Question 43

termolecular step

Answer 43

a reaction involving the collisions of three species

Question 44

Which is the most important step?

Answer 44

rate determining step

Question 45

Rate determining step

Answer 45

slowest step in the process and all reactions must get past this step before they can produce products

Question 46

the rate determining step determines

Answer 46

the rate for the reaction

Question 47

collision model

Answer 47

molecules must collide in order to react, they must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation

Question 48

In the collision model, if the proper conditions are not met the molecules will?

Answer 48

attempt to react again until they get things right

Question 49

activation energy

Answer 49

the energy required to convert atoms or molecules to the activated complex

Question 50

activated complex

Answer 50

transition state

Question 51

the activation energy is the minimum energy required for?

Answer 51

an effective collision

Question 52

The activation energy value is influenced by factors such as

Answer 52

temperature, catalysts, and pressure

Question 53

catalysts

Answer 53

substances that speed up a reaction without being consumed or changed themselves

Question 54

Catalysts are mostly?

Answer 54

metals

Question 55

catalysts can also?

Answer 55

lower activation energy and keep rate constant

Question 56

heterogeneous catalysis

Answer 56

scenario where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reacting substances

Question 57

heterogeneous catalysis are usually?

Answer 57

gaseous reactants on a solid surface

Question 58

uses of a heterogeneous catalysis

Answer 58

-conversion of alkenes to alkanes -conversion of CO and NO in auto exhaust to CO₂ and N₂ -process is referred to as adsorption

Question 59

homogeneous catalysis

Answer 59

reactants and catalysts are in the same phase

Question 60

example of homogeneous catalysts

Answer 60

decomposition of Ozone by CFC's