Chapter 17

Question 1

The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages.

Answer 1

Gene expression

Question 2

What are the two stages of gene expression?

Answer 2

Transcription and Translation

Question 3

Who suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions?

Answer 3

Archibald Garrod

Question 4

Who speculated that the eye color of fruit flies are due to a mutation of an enzyme?

Answer 4

George Beadle and Boris Ephrussi

Question 5

Carries the information that is encoded from the DNA

Answer 5

Messenger RNA

Question 6

Folded RNA with one specific amino acid bonded into it

Answer 6

Transfer RNA

Question 7

Together with a protein complex, these RNAs are pert of the ribosomes whose function is to synthesize proteins.

Answer 7

Ribosomial RNA

Question 8

The process of converting the DNA to mRNA

Answer 8

Transcription

Question 9

converting the RNA into a protein sequence

Answer 9

Translation

Question 10

A series of non overlapping, three nucleotide combinations.

Answer 10

Triplet code or codon

Question 11

RNA is synthesized using _______, which pries the DNA strands apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides

Answer 11

RNA polymerase

Question 12

What are 3 steps in transcription?

Answer 12

Initiation, Elongation & Termination

Question 13

What stage in transcription does the nucleotide sequence in the DNA where the RNA polymerase and transcription factors binds.

Answer 13

Initiation

Question 14

What stage in transcription where the RNA polymerase does not need a primer to start this process?

Answer 14

Elongation

Question 15

What are the 2 distinct DNA strands?

Answer 15

Coding & Template

Question 16

This is also called as the sense strand; The strand that has a similar sequence to the mRNA.

Answer 16

Coding Strand

Question 17

This is also called as the antisense strand; The DNA strand that acts as a basis for the mRNA, therefore, complementing it.

Answer 17

Template Strand

Question 18

This prevents the mRNA from certain kinds of degradation.

Answer 18

5’ cap

Question 19

This helps against degradation in the cytosol and helps the ribosomes recognize the mRNA

Answer 19

Polyadenylation

Question 20

What is the eukaryotic pre-mRNA non coding region?

Answer 20

Introns

Question 21

What is the eukaryotic pre-mRNA coding region?

Answer 21

Exons

Question 22

Catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

Answer 22

Ribozymes

Question 23

What helps a cell translate an mRNA message into protein?

Answer 23

Transfer RNA and Ribosomes

Question 24

A tRNA with a bonded amino acid

Answer 24

Aminoacyl-tRNA

Question 25

Facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis

Answer 25

Ribosomes

Question 26

3 binding sites for tRNA

Answer 26

A (aminoacyl) site, P (peptidyl) site, E (exit) site

Question 27

Changes in the generic information, in our case the DNA, either due to mistakes in replication or as a result of environmental factors.

Answer 27

Mutations

Question 28

Changes in just one nucleotide pair of gene

Answer 28

Point mutations

Question 29

Replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

Answer 29

Single nucleotide-pair substitutions

Question 30

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

Answer 30

Nucleotide insertions or deletions

Question 31

Type of mutation that have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

Answer 31

Silent Mutation

Question 32

Type of mutation that is a still code for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

Answer 32

Missense mutation

Question 33

Type of mutation that change an amino acid codon into a stop codon; most lead to nonfunctional protein.

Answer 33

Nonsense mutation

Question 34

Steps in Elongation (Translation)

Answer 34

Codon Recognition - Peptide bond formation - Translocation