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General Biology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Whose group showed that genes are located on chromosomes?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan’s

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of chromosomes that became candidates for the genetic material?

A

Protein and DNA

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3
Q

Whose research began the discovery of the genetic role of the DNA?

A

Frederick Griffith

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4
Q

What is the Griffith Experiment?

A

He mixed heat-killed remains of the pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic.

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5
Q

What did Griffith called his experiment?

A

The transformation

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6
Q

This is the change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of foreign DNA.

A

Transformation

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7
Q

Who identified the transforming substance as DNA

A

Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod

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8
Q

Were scientists skeptical about the Oswald experiment?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Who showed that DNA is the genetic material of a bacteriophage known as T2?

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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10
Q

An infectious agent that is mostly made up of a genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat.

A

Virus

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11
Q

Who found a relationship among DNA bases that turned out to be an important clue to DNA structure?

A

Erwin Chargaff and his colleagues

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12
Q

Do DNA vary between species?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Who used X-ray diffraction to determine 3D structure and measurements of the DNA molecule

A

Rosalind Franklin

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14
Q

Who applied the information and began to build scale models of DNA components

A

Watson and Crick

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15
Q

What are the two bases under Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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16
Q

What are the two bases under Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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17
Q

Which of the bases are equal?

A

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

18
Q

What consists of the pentose sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases?

A

DNA Nucleotide

19
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

20
Q

The nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds, called____.

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

21
Q

Where does DNA replication start?

A

Origin of replication

22
Q

What is the type of virus that infects bacteria?

A

Bacteriophages

23
Q

This breaks one or both DNA molecules and rejoins them, this prevents the supercoiling of the DNA and relaxing it during replication.

A

Topoisomerase

24
Q

An enzyme that destabilize the double helical structure of the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds of complimentary bases.

A

Helicase

25
Q

This binds to single DNA strands and stabilizes it. This will prevent the double helix from reforming until it is replicated.

A

Single-strand Binding (SSB) Protein

26
Q

Synthesizes a short RNA strands to begin the production of new DNA strand.

A

DNA Primase

27
Q

What is the short RNA strands called?

A

primer

28
Q

This links the nucleotides to form a new DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand

A

DNA Polymerase

29
Q

Links the Okazaki fragments together

A

DNA Ligase

30
Q

What are the 2 other repair mechanisms

A

Mismatch Repair & Nucleotide Excision Repair

31
Q

Enzymes recognize and remove the incorrectly paired nucleotides. Then, DNA polymerases fill in the missing nucleotides.

A

Mismatch repair

32
Q

Used to cut and repair DNA lesions which is commonly caused by the UV rays from the sun.

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

33
Q

What can create problems for the linear DNA eukaryotes?

A

Limitations

34
Q

a special nucleotide sequence at the end of the DNA

A

Telomeres

35
Q

Enzyme that lengthens the telomeres.

A

Telomerase

36
Q

Bacterial chromosome’s DNA is associated with a ___ amount of protein.

A

Small amount

37
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes have DNA molecules associated with a ____ amount of protein.

A

Large amount

38
Q

In DNA packaging, DNA is precisely combined with proteins in a complex called _____.

A

chromatin

39
Q

Proteins called ____ are responsible for the first level of packing in chromatin.

A

histones

40
Q

What are the two types of chromatin during interphase?

A

Heterochromatin & Euchromatin

41
Q

Highly condensed chromatin. Thus, inaccessible for gene expression.

A

Heterochromatin

42
Q

Loosely packed chromatin, making the DNA accessible for gene expression.

A

Euchromatin

General Biology (2 decks)

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