Chapter 17

Question 1

A system of agriculture where land is divided into narrow strips and peasant farmers worked together to farm the land

Answer 1

Open-field system

Question 2

Movement to congregate land holding and increase efficency

Answer 2

Enclosure

Question 3

New agriculture techniques

Answer 3

Crop rotations and drainage of marshes and swamps

Question 4

English Enlightenment Innovator, used empirical methods to improve farming (like using horses, drilling equipment, selective breeding, etc)`

Answer 4

Jethro Tull

Question 5

The transformation of peasant farmers into wage earners

Answer 5

Proletarianization

Question 6

Why was there huge population growth in the 18th century?

Answer 6

Women had more babies due to employment,
Bubonic plague disappeared,
Innoculation against smallpox
Early public health efforts to improve water quality,
better trade,
less destructive wars

Question 7

Type of industry that produced goods with tools at home

Answer 7

Cottage industry

Question 8

System where merchants loaned raw materials to cottage workers who processed those into goods and return them for wage

Answer 8

Putting-out system

Question 9

Who did weaving and spinning?

Answer 9

Men tended to do the weaving in the household, while women did the spinning, and in England, became known as “spinsters”

Question 10

Why were women paid less?

Answer 10

Because they weren’t expected to be the breadwinners of the family, so they didn’t get paid a living wage

Question 11

How did merchants exploit peasants?

Answer 11

They dropped wages in order to increase productivity during the growing months while the peasants were farming but also needed money. They also got permission from police to detain those who took little bits of what they made

Question 12

The shift in the 17th and 18th centuries where families focused more on earning wages than making their own products

Answer 12

Industrious Revolution

Question 13

How did the role of women change?

Answer 13

Women were paid less than men, but they were able to become more independent and could make decision or influence consumption, and so started to gain some rights.

Question 14

A system that involved organized production of skilled goods into trade-associations

Answer 14

Guild System

Question 15

How did the Dutch lay the groundwork for the Financial Revoltion?

Answer 15

They created a national Bank of Amsterdam and created paper money and the first short-term bonds, which spread to other European countries, especially England

Question 16

Enlightenment thinker who developed the idea of free commerce and set the basis for modern economics

Answer 16

Adam Smith

Question 17

The idea that government was responsible for defense, civil order, and non-profitable public institutions, but nothing else, and shouldn’t interfere with the economy, since competition would increase quality of life

Answer 17

Economic liberalism

Question 18

A series of acts made by the British government in order to crush the Dutch shipping industry and required that all British goods be shipped on British ships

Answer 18

Navigation Acts

Question 19

War in which Britain tried to prevent the unification of France and Spain in order to keep their colonial holdings safe

Answer 19

War of Spanish Succession

Question 20

Treaty that gave Britain holdings in modern-day Canada from the French and rights to some West African slave trade from the Spanish

Answer 20

Peace of Utrecht

Question 21

War between Prussia and Austria in which there was no clear winner, and set the stage for later conflict between Britain and France

Answer 21

War of Austrian Succession

Question 22

War in which Maria Theresa of Austria attempted to gain back her land in Europe, which the British and French fought each other in the New World and enlisted the help of Native Americans

Answer 22

Seven Years’ War

Question 23

Treaty that ended the seven years’ war and gave Britain naval dominance

Answer 23

Treaty of Paris

Question 24

System similar to serfdom or share cropping created by the Spanish where workers were given food, shelter, and a small amount of money in return for their labor

Answer 24

Debt peonage system

Question 25

Forced migration of more than 12 million Africans to work on planations in America

Answer 25

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Question 26

Term used to refer to anyone who was born in America but of Spanish decent. People who initially tried to keep with the European styles of life but eventually Americanized

Answer 26

Creole

Question 27

Why were white people the minority in most places in America and why were they not in British colonies?

Answer 27

In Spanish colonies especially, most of the people who immigrated were white men, and therefore married Native or African women because there were few white women, leading to a very large mixed population. In British colonies, there was an emphasis on bringing the entire family, thus making more white people in those areas.

Question 28

How was religion handled in the Americas in this time period?

Answer 28

There were many Catholic and Portuguese missionaries and a small number of Protestants. Slaves were often not baptized in order to prevent them from feeling equal to the slavemasters, but they instead created their own mix of Christianity. Jews had limited rights but better than in Europe

Question 29

Who took hold of the Indian Ocean trade after the Portuguese?

Answer 29

The Dutch, later followed by the English, who took hold of India especially