Chapter 17 Flashcards
A system of agriculture where land is divided into narrow strips and peasant farmers worked together to farm the land
Open-field system
Movement to congregate land holding and increase efficency
Enclosure
New agriculture techniques
Crop rotations and drainage of marshes and swamps
English Enlightenment Innovator, used empirical methods to improve farming (like using horses, drilling equipment, selective breeding, etc)`
Jethro Tull
The transformation of peasant farmers into wage earners
Proletarianization
Why was there huge population growth in the 18th century?
Women had more babies due to employment,
Bubonic plague disappeared,
Innoculation against smallpox
Early public health efforts to improve water quality,
better trade,
less destructive wars
Type of industry that produced goods with tools at home
Cottage industry
System where merchants loaned raw materials to cottage workers who processed those into goods and return them for wage
Putting-out system
Who did weaving and spinning?
Men tended to do the weaving in the household, while women did the spinning, and in England, became known as “spinsters”
Why were women paid less?
Because they weren’t expected to be the breadwinners of the family, so they didn’t get paid a living wage
How did merchants exploit peasants?
They dropped wages in order to increase productivity during the growing months while the peasants were farming but also needed money. They also got permission from police to detain those who took little bits of what they made
The shift in the 17th and 18th centuries where families focused more on earning wages than making their own products
Industrious Revolution
How did the role of women change?
Women were paid less than men, but they were able to become more independent and could make decision or influence consumption, and so started to gain some rights.
A system that involved organized production of skilled goods into trade-associations
Guild System
How did the Dutch lay the groundwork for the Financial Revoltion?
They created a national Bank of Amsterdam and created paper money and the first short-term bonds, which spread to other European countries, especially England
Enlightenment thinker who developed the idea of free commerce and set the basis for modern economics
Adam Smith
The idea that government was responsible for defense, civil order, and non-profitable public institutions, but nothing else, and shouldn’t interfere with the economy, since competition would increase quality of life
Economic liberalism
A series of acts made by the British government in order to crush the Dutch shipping industry and required that all British goods be shipped on British ships
Navigation Acts
War in which Britain tried to prevent the unification of France and Spain in order to keep their colonial holdings safe
War of Spanish Succession
Treaty that gave Britain holdings in modern-day Canada from the French and rights to some West African slave trade from the Spanish
Peace of Utrecht
War between Prussia and Austria in which there was no clear winner, and set the stage for later conflict between Britain and France
War of Austrian Succession
War in which Maria Theresa of Austria attempted to gain back her land in Europe, which the British and French fought each other in the New World and enlisted the help of Native Americans
Seven Years’ War
Treaty that ended the seven years’ war and gave Britain naval dominance
Treaty of Paris
System similar to serfdom or share cropping created by the Spanish where workers were given food, shelter, and a small amount of money in return for their labor
Debt peonage system
Forced migration of more than 12 million Africans to work on planations in America
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Term used to refer to anyone who was born in America but of Spanish decent. People who initially tried to keep with the European styles of life but eventually Americanized
Creole
Why were white people the minority in most places in America and why were they not in British colonies?
In Spanish colonies especially, most of the people who immigrated were white men, and therefore married Native or African women because there were few white women, leading to a very large mixed population. In British colonies, there was an emphasis on bringing the entire family, thus making more white people in those areas.
How was religion handled in the Americas in this time period?
There were many Catholic and Portuguese missionaries and a small number of Protestants. Slaves were often not baptized in order to prevent them from feeling equal to the slavemasters, but they instead created their own mix of Christianity. Jews had limited rights but better than in Europe
Who took hold of the Indian Ocean trade after the Portuguese?
The Dutch, later followed by the English, who took hold of India especially
