Ch 16 Important People

Question 1

Who developed the idea that the universe was made of crystal spheres that move around the Earth?

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

Created hypothesis that the sun was the center of the universe, used mathematics instead of philosophy

Answer 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 3

Made lots of observations about stars and planets, but couldn’t make sense of data

Answer 3

Tycho Brahe

Question 4

Brahe’s assistant, examined his data to create scientific laws about how planets orbit the sun (proved Copernicus right)

Answer 4

Johannes Kepler

Question 5

Examined the mechanics of the universe (physics) and discovered that celestial bodies aren’t perfect

Answer 5

Galileo Galilei

Question 6

Established law of universal gravitation, that every body attracts every other body in the universe

Answer 6

Isaac Newton

Question 7

Created system for ordering all life into different classifications

Answer 7

Carl Linnaeus

Question 8

Englishman who argued for the experimental method and starting science with data, instead of reasoning

Answer 8

Francis Bacon

Question 9

Created Cartesian Dualism, where mind and body are separate, and pioneered idea of deductive mathematical reasoning, which was popular in France

Answer 9

René Descartes

Question 10

Used chemicals in medicine to treat chemical imbalances, instead of humors

Answer 10

Paraclesus

Question 11

Studies human anatomy through dissection

Answer 11

Andreas Vesalius

Question 12

Discovered that blood circulations through a system of veins and arteries and that the heart acts like a pump

Answer 12

William Harvey

Question 13

Made a vacuum with an air pump and created Boyle’s law of gas

Answer 13

Robert Boyle

Question 14

Created the idea of tabula rasa and sensationalism, that all ideas and thoughts are a result of sensory experience

Answer 14

John Locke

Question 15

Used Descartes’ rationalism but created monism, or the idea that the mind and body are the same thing

Answer 15

Baruch Spinoza

Question 16

Wrote the Persian Letters and criticized French absolutism, argued for separation of powers but not democracy

Answer 16

Baron de Montesquieu

Question 17

French intellectuals who exchanged ideas about society through thinly veiled stories

Answer 17

Philosophes

Question 18

Most famous philosophe, argued for an English government system and deism, the idea that God made the universe to run on its own and walked away

Answer 18

Voltaire

Question 19

Inspired the romantic movement, created the idea of general will, or the long term needs of a people

Answer 19

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Question 20

Argued that reason cannot prove anything, and that all things must be answered through sensory experience, and that all mental principles arrive from human feeling

Answer 20

David Hume

Question 21

Idea that social interaction causes people to behave ethically to create positive emotions and reduce negative ones

Answer 21

Adam Smith

Question 22

Talked about the meaning of the enlightenment, it’s about learning and questioning everything yourself

Answer 22

Immanuel Kant

Question 23

Woman who was seen as the symbol of rococo style and salon culture

Answer 23

Madame de Pompadour

Question 24

Called himself the servant of the state, reformed legal system through use of cameralism (monarchy is best gov)

Answer 24

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Question 25

Continued the westernization of Russia and practiced some religious tolerance, although worsened life for peasants after large cossack rebellion

Answer 25

Catherine the Great of Russia

Question 26

Queen who created church reform and improved conditions for the serfs in Austria

Answer 26

Maria Theresa

Question 27

Radical leader of austria, abolished serfdom which created great turmoil

Answer 27

Joseph II

Question 28

Created idea of Haskalah, or free rights for all Jews, that gained some early success in England and Austria, but wouldn’t be fully accepted until after French Revolution

Answer 28

Moses Mendelssohn